德国推出浮动电价政策，以应对新能源出力大幅波动和长期负电价现状

Group 1 - The core viewpoint of the article highlights a significant decline in Germany's clean energy generation, with a 16% year-on-year drop in the first four months of 2025, reaching the lowest level since 2015, leading utilities to increase coal and gas production by 16% and 10% respectively [2] - Wind energy generation specifically plummeted by 31%, indicating increasing pressure on grid flexibility and backup capacity [2] - Despite a 30% increase in onshore wind capacity over the past three years, low wind speeds have negated the benefits of this expansion, with wind speeds in key regions like North Rhine-Westphalia being 20%-30% below the historical average [2] Group 2 - In May, Germany experienced 130 hours of negative wholesale electricity prices due to oversupply from solar energy, with prices dropping to -250 euros per megawatt-hour [3] - Starting January 1, 2025, Germany will implement significant changes in the electricity market, requiring suppliers to offer dynamic pricing packages to all users, allowing consumers to choose whether to accept them [4][7] - The current low penetration of smart meters in German households means many still opt for fixed pricing, despite the volatility in electricity prices due to renewable energy policies [5] Group 3 - For small and medium-sized enterprises, dynamic pricing will also be mandated starting January 1, 2025, requiring the installation of smart meters [7] - Large industrial companies typically sign procurement contracts directly with power producers, and while electricity prices are expected to decrease this year, the reduction in renewable energy transmission subsidies may keep prices stable or even increase them for large industrial users [9]