2025诺贝尔经济学奖，解释了为什么要“反内卷”

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the transformative impact of generative AI across various sectors and highlights the concept of "creative destruction" as a driving force for innovation and economic growth, referencing the recent Nobel Prize in Economics awarded to three scholars for their contributions to this field [3][5]. Group 1: Nobel Prize Winners and Their Contributions - The Nobel Prize in Economics was awarded to Philippe Aghion, Peter Howitt, and Joel Mokyr, emphasizing the significance of "innovation-driven growth" [5]. - Aghion and Howitt developed a mathematical model of "creative destruction," transforming Joseph Schumpeter's philosophical ideas into practical insights for economic growth [12][13]. - Their model illustrates that economic growth results from a series of "micro-revolutions," where each innovation enhances productivity while simultaneously phasing out outdated technologies [16]. Group 2: Innovation Dynamics - Aghion and Howitt's research reconciles two prevailing views on innovation: Schumpeter's belief in market power as a driver of innovation and Kenneth Arrow's view that competition fosters innovation [14][15]. - They introduced the "inverted U-shaped curve" to explain the relationship between competition and innovation, suggesting that moderate competition fosters the best environment for innovation [18][23]. - The balance of fear and hope is identified as the core driver of innovation, where moderate competition creates a sense of urgency for existing firms while providing opportunities for challengers [24]. Group 3: Policy Implications - Aghion argues that government should create an environment conducive to growth rather than directly generating it, emphasizing the importance of maintaining competitive tension [25][28]. - The article suggests that antitrust policies should not aim to eliminate large companies but ensure they face competition, while subsidies should distribute innovation risks across society [28][31]. - The integration of industrial and competition policies is essential for fostering innovation, allowing for long-term R&D support alongside open market access [31].