经济增长靠“破坏”？2025诺贝尔经济学奖里的财富密码

Core Insights - The 2025 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded to Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, and Peter Howitt for their contributions to understanding how innovation drives economic growth [1][2] - Mokyr's research emphasizes the importance of "knowledge accumulation and institutional environment" in technological change, highlighting that mere technological invention is insufficient for sustained growth [1] - Aghion and Howitt focus on the mechanisms of growth, particularly the concept of "creative destruction," which illustrates how innovation can displace old products while creating new opportunities [2] Summary by Sections Mokyr's Contributions - Mokyr identifies three core elements necessary for sustained economic growth: the accumulation of "useful knowledge," an inclusive institutional environment, and a shift in cultural values [1] - He uses the example of the steam engine to demonstrate how patent systems and military demand facilitated the large-scale application of technology in Britain [1] Aghion and Howitt's Insights - Aghion and Howitt explain that "creative destruction" is essential for economic growth, as it fosters innovation while rendering outdated products obsolete [2] - They argue that both excessively high and low market concentration can hinder the innovation process, suggesting that a balance is necessary for optimal growth [2] Implications for China - The theories of the Nobel laureates resonate in China, particularly in avoiding the "middle-income trap" [2] - Recommendations for China include enhancing competition and innovation incentives, reducing entry barriers in key industries, and strengthening antitrust enforcement to prevent resource allocation to "zombie companies" [2] - A tailored policy approach is suggested, emphasizing competition and original R&D in frontier industries while focusing on technology absorption and standardization in less advanced sectors [2] Policy Directions for Sustainable Growth - The article advocates for directional policies that promote green and high-quality growth, particularly in sectors like new energy vehicles and renewable energy [3] - It suggests a collaborative approach involving carbon emission standards, carbon pricing, and subsidies to direct patents and talent towards sustainable growth paths [3]