并非互惠？美国与东南亚四国的贸易协定浮出水面

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the recent trade agreements between the United States and four Southeast Asian countries: Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, and Malaysia, highlighting the implications for trade tariffs and market access [3][4][5]. Trade Agreements Overview - The U.S. will maintain a 19% tariff rate on exports from Cambodia, Thailand, and Malaysia, with some products seeing tariffs reduced to zero. Vietnam will face a 20% tariff on its exports to the U.S. [3][4]. - The agreements include commitments to eliminate trade barriers and provide preferential market access for U.S. goods, covering areas such as digital trade, services, and investment [3][4]. Specific Country Commitments - Malaysia is estimated to receive tariff exemptions on approximately $12 billion worth of exports to the U.S., which is about 2.8% of its GDP. However, most of these products are subject to restrictions, limiting the actual benefits [4]. - Cambodia has committed to zero tariffs on 100% of U.S. industrial and agricultural products, while also agreeing to eliminate import licenses and barriers related to intellectual property [5]. - Thailand will eliminate tariffs on about 99% of U.S. industrial and agricultural products and has committed to accepting U.S. vehicle safety standards and import licenses for medical products [4][5]. Economic Cooperation and Investments - The agreements include significant commitments for purchasing U.S. goods, with Malaysia planning to buy nearly $150 billion worth of U.S. semiconductors, data center, and aerospace equipment over the next decade [7]. - Cambodia has expressed satisfaction with the agreement but seeks tariff exemptions for clothing and footwear, which constitute about 50% of its exports [8]. - Vietnam has committed to purchasing 50 Boeing aircraft valued at over $8 billion and has signed agreements for agricultural product procurement totaling approximately $2.9 billion [7]. Strategic Implications - The agreements are seen as enhancing economic ties and strategic cooperation between the U.S. and Southeast Asia, potentially impacting regional supply chains and global trade dynamics [8]. - The nature of the agreements has raised concerns about unequal terms, particularly in the case of Cambodia, where the trade terms appear to favor the U.S. [5].