商业航天：隔热材料是火箭迈向全复用的核心（附报告）

Core Viewpoint - Reusable rockets significantly reduce space launch costs and increase launch frequency, with full reusability becoming a core trend in the aerospace industry [2][3][24]. Group 1: Reusable Rocket Technology - The first stage reuse technology of rockets is mature, with the Falcon 9 rocket's reuse cost being less than one-third of a new rocket [3][11]. - The Falcon 9 rocket has achieved over 30 successful first-stage recoveries, demonstrating the effectiveness of reusable technology [3][12]. - Full reusability of rockets is expected to further lower launch costs, increase launch frequency, and reduce space debris [3][24]. Group 2: Challenges in Reusability - Thermal protection is a core challenge for the recovery of the second stage of rockets, as it must withstand extreme temperatures during re-entry [3][4][35]. - The Falcon 9 rocket's thermal protection system includes ceramic tiles that can endure temperatures exceeding 1400°C [37]. - Stoke Space is developing a metal thermal protection system that utilizes liquid hydrogen for active cooling during re-entry [38]. Group 3: China's Progress in Reusable Rockets - China is actively developing reusable rockets, with the Zhuque-3 and Long March 12甲 successfully completing their maiden flights [4][41]. - The Long March 9 rocket is designed for full reusability and aims to achieve heavy-lift capabilities in two phases [47]. - Domestic companies are exploring various technological paths for reusable rockets, including the use of liquid oxygen and methane fuels [46].