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Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the collaboration models between automotive manufacturers and suppliers in the autonomous driving sector, highlighting the establishment of joint ventures as a strategic approach to enhance product development and brand positioning [4][6][14]. Group 1: Joint Venture Formation - Beijing Zhiyu Technology Co., Ltd. was established as a joint venture between BAIC and Horizon Robotics, with BAIC holding a 65% stake and Horizon 35%, focusing on intelligent assisted driving products [4]. - The joint venture model allows manufacturers to maintain brand identity while leveraging supplier expertise, enhancing the overall value proposition [7]. - This model also enables manufacturers to have greater control over the development process, ensuring alignment with their strategic goals [8]. Group 2: Product Ownership and Development Models - There are primarily two models for product ownership: a one-time buyout where the manufacturer owns the developed product, and a licensing model where the supplier retains ownership and charges per unit sold [9][10]. - The licensing model is becoming more prevalent due to its efficiency and adaptability in a rapidly changing market [11]. - Products developed through joint ventures are typically owned by the joint venture itself, allowing manufacturers to exert more influence over the development process [12]. Group 3: Industry Trends and Challenges - Many traditional manufacturers struggle with in-house development of autonomous driving technologies, often leading to partnerships with suppliers or the formation of joint ventures [18][19]. - The article suggests that as the industry evolves, the trend of forming joint ventures will likely increase, with manufacturers potentially abandoning in-house development in favor of supplier solutions [21]. - The challenges faced by manufacturers include limited technical capabilities and the need for substantial data to effectively develop and iterate autonomous driving models [20].