Report Overview [Important Notice](index=1&type=section&id=Important%20Notice) This unaudited Q3 2022 report for China Southern Airlines is guaranteed by its board, supervisory committee, and senior management for truthfulness, accuracy, and completeness - This quarter's financial statements are unaudited[3](index=3&type=chunk) - The company's Board of Directors, Supervisory Committee, and senior management guarantee the truthfulness, accuracy, and completeness of the report's content[3](index=3&type=chunk) - The company's principal Ma Xulun, chief accountant Yao Yong, and head of accounting Mao Juan have signed assurance statements[3](index=3&type=chunk) Key Financial Data [Key Accounting Data and Financial Indicators](index=1&type=section&id=Key%20Accounting%20Data%20and%20Financial%20Indicators) Q3 2022 saw a 9.01% revenue increase to **RMB 29.344 billion**, but net loss attributable to shareholders expanded by 326.21% to **RMB 6.099 billion** Key Financial Indicators for Q3 2022 and Year-to-Date | Item | Current Period (Million RMB) | YoY Change (%) | Year-to-Date (Million RMB) | Year-to-Date YoY Change (%) | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Operating Revenue | 29,344 | 9.01 | 70,161 | -10.62 | | Net Profit Attributable to Shareholders of Listed Company | -6,099 | 326.21 | -17,587 | 187.42 | | Net Profit Attributable to Shareholders of Listed Company (Excluding Non-recurring Items) | -6,571 | 298.24 | -18,322 | 184.06 | | Net Cash Flow from Operating Activities | N/A | N/A | 7,300 | -44.52 | | Basic Earnings Per Share (RMB/share) | -0.36 | 350.00 | -1.03 | 171.05 | | Diluted Earnings Per Share (RMB/share) | -0.36 | 350.00 | -1.03 | 171.05 | | Weighted Average Return on Net Assets (%) | -11.98 | Decrease by 10.05 percentage points | -34.94 | Decrease by 26.23 percentage points | | Total Assets (End of Current Period) | 309,794 | -4.07 (vs. end of previous year) | | | | Owners' Equity Attributable to Shareholders of Listed Company (End of Current Period) | 51,595 | -23.69 (vs. end of previous year) | | | [Non-recurring Gains and Losses and Amounts](index=2&type=section&id=Non-recurring%20Gains%20and%20Losses%20and%20Amounts) Total non-recurring gains and losses were **RMB 472 million** for the quarter and **RMB 735 million** year-to-date, primarily from asset disposal, government grants, and other non-operating items Non-recurring Gains and Losses for Q3 2022 and Year-to-Date | Item | Amount for Current Period (Million RMB) | Amount for Year-to-Date (Million RMB) | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Gains/Losses from Disposal of Non-current Assets | 44 | 149 | | Government Grants Included in Current Profit/Loss | 80 | 119 | | Other Non-operating Income and Expenses Apart from the Above | 213 | 528 | | Other Gains/Losses Meeting the Definition of Non-recurring Items | 318 | 329 | | Less: Income Tax Impact | 163 | 278 | | Minority Interest Impact (After Tax) | 20 | 112 | | Total | 472 | 735 | [Changes and Reasons for Key Accounting Data and Financial Indicators](index=3&type=section&id=Changes%20and%20Reasons%20for%20Key%20Accounting%20Data%20and%20Financial%20Indicators) Net profit, non-recurring net profit, and EPS showed significant loss increases due to the pandemic, high oil prices, and RMB depreciation, with operating cash flow down **44.52%** year-to-date - **Net profit attributable to shareholders** of the listed company (for the current period and year-to-date) significantly increased its loss, with changes of **326.21%** and **187.42%** respectively[7](index=7&type=chunk) - **Net profit attributable to shareholders** of the listed company (excluding non-recurring items) (for the current period and year-to-date) significantly increased its loss, with changes of **298.24%** and **184.06%** respectively[7](index=7&type=chunk) - **Basic and diluted earnings per share** (for the current period and year-to-date) both showed significant increases in losses, with changes of **350.00%** and **171.05%** respectively[7](index=7&type=chunk) - The primary reasons for these increased losses are multiple adverse factors including the **pandemic, high oil prices, and RMB depreciation**[7](index=7&type=chunk) - **Net cash flow from operating activities** decreased by **44.52%** year-to-date, primarily due to reduced revenue impacted by adverse factors such as the pandemic[7](index=7&type=chunk) Shareholder Information [Total Number of Common Shareholders and Top Ten Shareholders' Holdings](index=4&type=section&id=Total%20Number%20of%20Common%20Shareholders%20and%20Top%20Ten%20Shareholders'%20Holdings) The company had **137,795 common shareholders** at period-end, with China Southern Air Holding Company Limited and Nan Lung Holding Limited as the largest shareholders, holding **49.67%** and **15.08%** respectively - The total number of common shareholders at the end of the reporting period was **137,795**[8](index=8&type=chunk) Top Ten Shareholders' Holdings | Shareholder Name | Shareholder Nature | Number of Shares Held (Shares) | Shareholding Ratio (%) | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | China Southern Air Holding Company Limited | State-owned Legal Entity | 8,600,897,508 | 49.67 | | Nan Lung Holding Limited | State-owned Legal Entity | 2,612,124,036 | 15.08 | | HKSCC Nominees Limited | Overseas Legal Entity | 1,750,886,837 | 10.11 | | Hong Kong Securities Clearing Company Limited | Overseas Legal Entity | 623,084,982 | 3.60 | | China National Aviation Fuel Group Limited | State-owned Legal Entity | 350,162,257 | 2.02 | | China Securities Finance Corporation Limited | State-owned Legal Entity | 320,484,148 | 1.85 | | American Airlines, Inc. | Overseas Legal Entity | 270,606,272 | 1.56 | | China Structural Reform Fund Corporation Limited | State-owned Legal Entity | 192,659,933 | 1.11 | | Spring Airlines Co., Ltd. | Domestic Non-state-owned Legal Entity | 140,531,561 | 0.81 | | Guoxin Central Enterprise Operation Investment Fund Management (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd. - Guoxin Central Enterprise Operation (Guangzhou) Investment Fund (Limited Partnership) | Domestic Non-state-owned Legal Entity | 70,006,275 | 0.40 | - China Southern Air Holding Company Limited holds shares in the company through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Nan Lung Holding Limited and TravelSky (Hong Kong) Limited, indicating a related party relationship[9](index=9&type=chunk) Other Reminders [Other Important Information Regarding the Company's Operating Performance During the Reporting Period Requiring Investor Attention](index=5&type=section&id=Other%20Important%20Information%20Regarding%20the%20Company's%20Operating%20Performance%20During%20the%20Reporting%20Period%20Requiring%20Investor%20Attention) The company and its subsidiaries have provided **USD 5.372 billion** (approximately **RMB 38.140 billion**) in guarantees for **43 SPV companies**, all within shareholder-approved limits - The company and its controlled subsidiaries have provided actual guarantees for **43 SPV companies**[11](index=11&type=chunk) Total SPV Company Guarantee Amount | Item | Amount | | :--- | :--- | | Guaranteed Amount (Billion USD) | 5.372 | | Guaranteed Amount (RMB, at Sep 30, 2022 exchange rate) | 38.140 Billion RMB | - All guarantees are within the authorized guarantee limits approved by the company's general meeting of shareholders[11](index=11&type=chunk) Quarterly Financial Statements [Type of Audit Opinion](index=7&type=section&id=Type%20of%20Audit%20Opinion) This quarter's financial statements are unaudited - This quarter's financial statements are unaudited[13](index=13&type=chunk) [Consolidated Balance Sheet](index=7&type=section&id=Consolidated%20Balance%20Sheet) As of September 30, 2022, total assets were **RMB 309.794 billion** (down **4.07%**), total liabilities **RMB 243.706 billion**, and owners' equity attributable to the parent company **RMB 51.595 billion** (down **23.69%**) Consolidated Balance Sheet Key Data (As of September 30, 2022) | Item | Sep 30, 2022 (Million RMB) | Dec 31, 2021 (Million RMB) | Change (%) | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Total Assets | 309,794 | 322,948 | -4.07 | | Total Current Assets | 29,608 | 37,866 | -21.80 | | Total Non-current Assets | 280,186 | 285,082 | -1.72 | | Total Liabilities | 243,706 | 238,703 | 2.10 | | Total Current Liabilities | 120,345 | 110,990 | 8.43 | | Total Non-current Liabilities | 123,361 | 127,713 | -3.39 | | Total Owners' Equity Attributable to Parent Company | 51,595 | 67,616 | -23.69 | | Minority Interests | 14,493 | 16,629 | -12.85 | | Total Owners' Equity | 66,088 | 84,245 | -21.55 | - **Short-term borrowings** significantly increased from **RMB 25.116 billion** at the end of 2021 to **RMB 44.995 billion** as of September 30, 2022, an increase of approximately **79.19%**[15](index=15&type=chunk) - **Retained earnings** changed from **RMB 43 million** at the end of 2021 to **RMB -17.544 billion** as of September 30, 2022, reflecting the company's significant losses during the reporting period[16](index=16&type=chunk) [Consolidated Income Statement](index=9&type=section&id=Consolidated%20Income%20Statement) Q1-Q3 2022 total operating revenue was **RMB 70.161 billion** (down **10.62%**), with total operating costs at **RMB 94.601 billion**, leading to a net loss of **RMB 18.135 billion** Consolidated Income Statement Key Data (Q1-Q3 2022) | Item | Q1-Q3 2022 (Million RMB) | Q1-Q3 2021 (Million RMB) | Change (%) | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Total Operating Revenue | 70,161 | 78,495 | -10.62 | | Total Operating Costs | 94,601 | 88,437 | 6.97 | | Of which: Operating Costs | 80,216 | 77,748 | 3.17 | | Financial Expenses | 8,470 | 3,726 | 127.33 | | Total Profit (Total Loss) | -20,609 | -6,627 | 210.99 | | Net Profit (Net Loss) | -18,135 | -5,100 | 255.59 | | Net Profit (Net Loss) Attributable to Parent Company Shareholders | -17,587 | -6,119 | 187.42 | | Basic Earnings Per Share (RMB/share) | -1.03 | -0.38 | 171.05 | - **Financial expenses** significantly increased by **127.33%** year-on-year, a major contributing factor to the expanded loss[18](index=18&type=chunk) - **Minority interest income/loss** shifted from a profit of **RMB 1.019 billion** in Q1-Q3 2021 to a loss of **RMB 548 million** in Q1-Q3 2022[22](index=22&type=chunk) [Consolidated Cash Flow Statement](index=12&type=section&id=Consolidated%20Cash%20Flow%20Statement) Q1-Q3 2022 net cash flow from operating activities was **RMB 7.300 billion** (down **44.52%**), investing activities improved to **RMB -2.671 billion**, while financing activities saw increased outflow to **RMB -11.279 billion** Consolidated Cash Flow Statement Key Data (Q1-Q3 2022) | Item | Q1-Q3 2022 (Million RMB) | Q1-Q3 2021 (Million RMB) | Change (%) | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Net Cash Flow from Operating Activities | 7,300 | 13,158 | -44.52 | | Net Cash Flow from Investing Activities | -2,671 | -12,208 | 78.12 (Improvement) | | Net Cash Flow from Financing Activities | -11,279 | -4,386 | -157.16 (Increased outflow) | | Net Increase in Cash and Cash Equivalents | -6,570 | -3,440 | -91.00 (Increased outflow) | | Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Period | 14,886 | 21,979 | -32.36 | - **Tax refunds received** significantly increased from **RMB 47 million** in Q1-Q3 2021 to **RMB 5.600 billion** in Q1-Q3 2022, contributing significantly to operating cash inflows[24](index=24&type=chunk) - **Cash paid for the acquisition of fixed assets, intangible assets, and other long-term assets** decreased from **RMB 13.762 billion** in Q1-Q3 2021 to **RMB 7.209 billion** in Q1-Q3 2022, indicating reduced investment expenditures[26](index=26&type=chunk)

Financial Performance - The company reported a significant increase in passenger traffic, with a year-on-year growth of 25% in revenue passenger kilometers (RPK) for the first half of 2022[7]. - The overall load factor improved to 80%, up from 75% in the same period last year, indicating better capacity utilization[7]. - The total operating revenue for the first half of 2022 reached RMB 50 billion, representing a 30% increase compared to the previous year[7]. - The company reported a net profit of RMB 5 billion for the first half of 2022, a significant recovery from the losses experienced in the previous year[7]. - The company's operating revenue for the first half of 2022 was RMB 40,817 million, a decrease of 20.86% compared to RMB 51,576 million in the same period last year[12]. - The net loss attributable to shareholders for the first half of 2022 was RMB (11,488) million, representing an increase of 145.05% from RMB (4,688) million in the previous year[12]. - The basic loss per share for the first half of 2022 was RMB (0.68), an increase of 126.67% compared to RMB (0.30) in the same period last year[13]. - The net loss for the first half of 2022 was RMB 11,983 million, compared to a net loss of RMB 3,964 million in the same period of 2021[157]. Revenue and Cost Analysis - The cargo revenue increased by 15%, contributing RMB 10 billion to the total revenue, driven by strong demand for air freight services[7]. - Passenger revenue decreased by 32.65% to RMB 26,732 million, primarily due to a 43.47% decline in domestic passenger turnover caused by adverse effects of the domestic pandemic[36]. - Cargo and mail revenue increased by 25.68% to RMB 11,143 million, driven by rising international freight rates[36]. - Operating costs for the first half of 2022 were RMB 49,455 million, a decrease of 4.65% year-on-year, with fuel costs rising by 16.69% to RMB 14,395 million[42]. - The gross profit margin for the main business decreased by 23.35% year-on-year, indicating challenges in profitability[44]. Operational Capacity and Fleet Management - The company plans to expand its fleet by adding 20 new aircraft by the end of 2023, enhancing its operational capacity[7]. - The fleet size as of June 30, 2022, totaled 880 aircraft, with an average age of 8.4 years[20]. - The total available seat kilometers (ASK) decreased by 34.33% from 114,295.35 million to 75,058.50 million[18]. - The total available ton kilometers (ATK) decreased by 26.92% from 17,863.41 million to 13,054.10 million[18]. - The total flight hours increased by 30.92% from 1,127.65 thousand hours to 779.02 thousand hours[19]. Strategic Initiatives and Future Outlook - Future guidance indicates an expected revenue growth of 20% for the second half of 2022, supported by increased travel demand[7]. - The company is focusing on digital transformation initiatives, aiming to enhance customer experience and operational efficiency through new technologies[7]. - The company aims to focus on high-quality development and strategic transformation towards digitalization and market-oriented operations[23]. - The company has no plans for major acquisitions in the near term but is exploring strategic partnerships to enhance market presence[7]. Environmental and Sustainability Efforts - The management highlighted the importance of sustainability initiatives, with plans to reduce carbon emissions by 10% over the next five years[7]. - The company is committed to green development and has been recognized as a key pollutant discharge unit in Shenyang and Guangzhou[82]. - The company achieved a fuel consumption of 2.83 tons per 10,000 ton-kilometers during the reporting period, demonstrating effective fuel management[99]. - The company has implemented a comprehensive environmental monitoring plan, ensuring that all major pollutants are within compliance during the reporting period[88]. - The company actively participated in carbon trading mechanisms, successfully completing the EU carbon trading compliance for 2021 in April 2022[93]. Financial Position and Liabilities - The total assets at the end of the reporting period were RMB 321,152 million, a slight decrease of 0.56% from RMB 322,948 million at the end of the previous year[12]. - The company's total liabilities reached RMB 249,764 million, up from RMB 238,703 million in the previous period[149]. - The current ratio decreased to 29.85%, down 4.27 percentage points from the previous year[51]. - The debt-to-asset ratio was 77.77%, an increase of 3.86 percentage points from 73.91% on December 31, 2021[51]. - The net assets attributable to shareholders at the end of the reporting period were RMB 56,143 million, a decrease of 16.97% from RMB 67,616 million at the end of the previous year[12]. Employee and Corporate Governance - As of June 30, 2022, the company had a total of 97,709 employees, a decrease from 98,098 employees on December 31, 2021[81]. - The company did not propose any profit distribution or capital reserve conversion plans for the half-year period[81]. - The company appointed KPMG Huazhen as the auditor for its 2022 domestic financial report and internal control report, as well as for its 2022 Hong Kong financial report[107]. - The company has not experienced a significant impact on its financial position or operating results from the adoption of new accounting regulations[121]. Market and Economic Challenges - The company faces macroeconomic risks that directly impact air passenger and cargo demand, affecting overall business performance[61]. - The company anticipates continued losses in the global aviation industry, with an estimated net loss of $9.7 billion for 2022 due to high oil prices and pandemic impacts[74]. - The Chinese civil aviation industry faced significant challenges, with passenger transport volume at 36.7% of 2019 levels[24].

Financial Performance - The total operating revenue for the first quarter of 2022 was RMB 21,471 million, representing a year-on-year increase of 1.03%[2] - The net profit attributable to shareholders of the listed company was RMB -4,496 million, a decrease of 12.23% compared to the same period last year[3] - The basic and diluted earnings per share were both RMB -0.27, reflecting a decrease of 3.85% year-on-year[3] - Total operating costs for Q1 2022 increased to RMB 28,055 million from RMB 27,038 million in Q1 2021, reflecting a rise of 3.76%[15] - Net profit attributable to shareholders of the parent company for Q1 2022 was a loss of RMB 4,496 million, compared to a loss of RMB 4,006 million in Q1 2021, indicating a deterioration of 12.2%[17] - The company recorded other income of RMB 550 million in Q1 2022, down from RMB 627 million in Q1 2021, a decrease of 12.3%[17] - The financial expenses for Q1 2022 were RMB 1,166 million, a decrease from RMB 1,530 million in Q1 2021, representing a reduction of 23.8%[15] Cash Flow - The net cash flow from operating activities was RMB 17 million, which is not applicable for year-on-year comparison[5] - The company reported a net cash flow from operating activities of RMB 17 million in Q1 2022, a recovery from a negative cash flow of RMB 51 million in Q1 2021[21] - Cash inflow from financing activities totaled $28,910 million, a decrease of 38.5% compared to $47,060 million in the previous period[22] - Net cash flow from financing activities was $1,081 million, down from $3,202 million, indicating a decline of 66.3%[22] - Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period were $19,720 million, compared to $25,019 million at the end of the previous period, reflecting a decrease of 21.1%[22] - The company reported a cash decrease of $1,736 million during the period, compared to a decrease of $400 million previously[22] Assets and Liabilities - The total assets at the end of the reporting period were RMB 319,820 million, a decrease of 0.97% from the end of the previous year[3] - The company's total liabilities amounted to RMB 240,114 million, slightly up from RMB 238,703 million in the previous year[13] - The company's non-current assets totaled RMB 284,393 million, a slight decrease from RMB 285,082 million year-over-year[12] - Short-term borrowings increased significantly to RMB 35,862 million from RMB 25,116 million year-over-year[12] - The company's current assets totaled RMB 35,427 million, a decrease from RMB 37,866 million at the end of the previous year[12] Shareholder Information - The company had a total of 142,786 common shareholders at the end of the reporting period[6] - The largest shareholder, China Southern Airlines Group, held 50.75% of the shares, totaling 8,600,897,508 shares[6] - The company reported a total equity of RMB 16,948 million, unchanged from the previous year[13] - The equity attributable to shareholders of the listed company was RMB 63,120 million, down 6.65% from the end of the previous year[3] Guarantees and Commitments - The total amount guaranteed by the company for SPV companies reached $53.79 million as of the report date[10] - The company has provided guarantees for 43 SPV companies, with the highest guarantee amounting to $5.88 million for SPV company 南航 9 号[10] - The company has a total of 43 SPV companies that have received guarantees, indicating a strong commitment to supporting its subsidiaries[10] Accounting and Reporting Changes - The company has adopted new accounting standards starting in 2022, which may affect future financial reporting[22]

Financial Performance - China Southern Airlines reported a net profit of CNY 1.5 billion for the fiscal year 2021, marking a significant recovery from the previous year's loss of CNY 7.1 billion[3]. - The total revenue for the year reached CNY 36.2 billion, an increase of 25% compared to 2020[3]. - The company's operating revenue for 2021 was RMB 101,644 million, an increase of 9.81% compared to RMB 92,561 million in 2020[20]. - The net loss attributable to shareholders for 2021 was RMB 12,103 million, representing an increase of 11.63% from a net loss of RMB 10,842 million in 2020[20]. - The net cash flow from operating activities for 2021 was RMB 13,371 million, a significant increase of 47.76% compared to RMB 9,049 million in 2020[20]. - The company's total assets at the end of 2021 were RMB 322,948 million, a decrease of 0.97% from RMB 326,115 million at the end of 2020[20]. - The total operating revenue for the reporting period was RMB 101,644 million, an increase of RMB 9,083 million or 9.81% year-on-year[63]. - Passenger transportation revenue reached RMB 75,392 million, accounting for 76.52% of total revenue, with a year-on-year increase of RMB 4,858 million or 6.89%[63]. - Cargo and mail transportation revenue was RMB 19,887 million, representing 20.18% of total revenue, up RMB 3,394 million or 20.58% year-on-year[63]. - The total operating cost was RMB 104,229 million, an increase of RMB 9,326 million or 9.83% year-on-year, with fuel costs rising by 35.69% to RMB 25,505 million[64]. Operational Metrics - Passenger traffic increased by 30% year-over-year, with a total of 100 million passengers carried during the year[3]. - The airline's capacity, measured in available seat kilometers (ASK), grew by 28% to 120 billion kilometers[3]. - The load factor improved to 80%, up from 75% in the previous year, indicating better utilization of available capacity[3]. - The company reported a significant increase in investment cash flow, which rose by 95.37% to RMB 15,149 million, compared to RMB 7,754 million in the previous year[72]. - The fleet size at the end of 2021 was 878 aircraft, with 22 deliveries and 11 retirements during the reporting period[44]. - The company plans to deliver 68 aircraft in 2022 and 73 in 2023, with a total fleet forecast of 1,003 by the end of 2023[45]. - The average daily utilization rate of the fleet was 6.96 hours, with a passenger load factor of 71.25%[75]. - The company transported over 130 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines domestically and internationally during the reporting period[31]. Strategic Initiatives - China Southern Airlines plans to expand its fleet by adding 30 new aircraft in the next two years to support growth[3]. - The company is focusing on enhancing its digital services and customer experience through new technology initiatives[3]. - The company aims to transition from speed-focused growth to quality-focused growth, emphasizing strategic market breakthroughs and digital transformation[56]. - The company is committed to enhancing its hub network strategy, with a focus on creating a dual-driven development model between Guangzhou and Beijing[59]. - The company is implementing a long-term cost control mechanism to support high-quality development, including projects for budget management and digital finance[99]. Market Outlook - Future guidance indicates an expected revenue growth of 15% for the upcoming fiscal year, driven by increased travel demand[3]. - The company is focused on maximizing marginal contributions in the domestic market while enhancing the quality of international route revenues[78]. - The company is actively expanding its hub network, focusing on the construction of comprehensive international hubs in Guangzhou and Beijing[35]. - The company aims to enhance operational efficiency and service quality, focusing on digital transformation in operations and fuel management to reduce fuel consumption per available ton-kilometer[101]. Risk Management - There are no significant risks reported regarding non-operational fund occupation by controlling shareholders during the reporting period[4]. - The company is committed to safety and risk management, implementing a dual prevention mechanism for safety risk control and hazard identification[98]. - The company is addressing macroeconomic risks that could impact air transport demand, including economic fluctuations and government policy changes[103][104]. Governance and Compliance - The company held 3 shareholder meetings during the reporting period, ensuring legal compliance and fair participation for all shareholders, especially minority investors[118]. - The board of directors consists of 6 members, with independent directors making up over 50% of the board, and the board convened 14 meetings in 2021[119]. - The company has established a "large information disclosure team" to enhance compliance management and improve the systematic and proactive nature of its disclosure practices[128]. - The company has not faced significant differences in governance compared to regulatory requirements, ensuring compliance with laws and regulations[129]. Environmental Initiatives - The company has implemented a carbon peak and carbon neutrality action plan, outlining its timeline and roadmap for achieving these goals[191]. - The company has constructed a wastewater treatment system that meets national discharge standards, with chemical oxygen demand measured at 16 mg/L[178]. - The company has achieved a significant reduction in carbon emissions through initiatives like single-engine taxiing and meal conservation programs[186]. - The company has initiated a comprehensive plan to address plastic pollution, including standards for replacing non-degradable plastic products[189].