闻乐 发自 凹非寺 量子位 | 公众号 QbitAI 1900年，数学大师希尔伯特提出23个数学难题，其中第六个问题——"物理学的公理化"，被称为数学物理的终极挑战。 125年后，北大校友邓煜、中科大少年班马骁与陶哲轩高徒扎赫尔・哈尼终于在这一问题上取得重大突破。 在20世纪，关于第六问题，希尔伯特追问： 能否像欧几里得几何一样，为物理学构建严格的数学基础？ 因涉及从微观粒子动力学到宏观连续介质的多尺度关联，这个问题证明起来非常困难。 在微观层面，气体由无数粒子组成，单个粒子运动服从牛顿力学 （时间可逆） 。 在宏观层面，气体的统计行为由玻尔兹曼方程描述 （时间不可逆，趋向熵增） 。 如何从可逆的微观规律，演化出不可逆的宏观行为？ 125年来，无数数学家在此领域折戟沉沙。 爱因斯坦的广义相对论、量子力学的数学框架虽部分实现了公理化愿景，但微观与宏观定律间的逻辑鸿沟始终未被弥合。 终于，三位数学家撕开了这道世纪难题的一角。 他们成功从微观粒子模型推导出宏观气体行为，填补了牛顿力学与玻尔兹曼方程之间的逻辑鸿沟。 首次严格证明了从牛顿力学到玻尔兹曼方程的完整过渡，不仅为统计力学奠定了更坚实的数学基础，更意外地解答了 ...

编辑丨王多鱼 排版丨水成文 理解材料界面间的热传输机制对于推进半导体技术至关重要，尤其是在极高的功率密度下运行的微型化器件方面。尽管界面声子介导过程在理论上已被确立为半 导体中界面热传输的主要机制，但由于在测量埋藏界面的温度和非平衡声子分布方面存在挑战，其纳米级动态特性在实验上仍难以捉摸。 2025 年 6 月 11 日，北京大学 高鹏 团队在国际顶尖学术期刊 Nature 上发表了题为： Probing phonon transport dynamics across an interface by electron microscopy 的研究论文。该研究通过电子显微镜探究了界面间声子传输动力学。 研究团队观察到界面约 2 纳米范围内存在陡峭的温度骤降，从而能够直接提取相对界面热阻 （ITR） 。在热输运过程中，界面处声子模式热导率的不匹配导致邻 近区域产生大量非平衡声子。这致使正向与逆向热流下界面模式的声子占据数呈现差异，同时引起界面约 3 纳米范围内 AlN 光学声子模态温度的显著变化。 这些结果揭示了（亚）纳米尺度的声子传输动力学，并证实了界面模式参与的声子非弹性散射机制，为热界面工程设计提供了重要 ...

Core Viewpoint - The book "The Story of the Universe: An Exploration Journey through Stars and Seas" by Feng Lei presents the latest advancements in cosmology, emphasizing the evolution of human understanding of the universe from vague speculation to precise measurement and verification [2][3][4]. Group 1: Historical Context - In the early 20th century, physicist Kelvin claimed that physics was complete, but challenges like the Michelson-Morley experiment and the ultraviolet catastrophe of black body radiation led to revolutions in physics, namely relativity and quantum mechanics [2]. - In the early 21st century, scientists identified new challenges in physics, categorized as "two dark, one black, and three origins," which include dark matter, dark energy, black holes, and the origins of the universe, celestial bodies, and life [2]. Group 2: Cosmological Concepts - The book discusses how measurements of cosmic expansion led to the Big Bang cosmology model, predicting that the universe originated from a monumental explosion 13.8 billion years ago, evolving from a primordial state of basic particles to stars and galaxies [3][4]. - The narrative emphasizes the philosophical implications of cosmology, linking the vastness of the universe to the fundamental particles that constitute it, thus presenting cosmology as a unified field of study [3]. Group 3: Modern Cosmology - Modern cosmology has transitioned from philosophical speculation to an independent scientific discipline, with the Big Bang model providing numerous testable predictions that have been increasingly confirmed by precise experimental measurements [4][5]. - The book aims to make complex astrophysical processes and new cosmological knowledge accessible through descriptive language, avoiding mathematical formulas to engage a broader audience [5].

Core Insights - The article highlights the significant contributions of Chinese scholars in the latest issue of the journal Nature, with 12 out of 24 papers authored by them, indicating a strong presence in cutting-edge research [1][25]. Group 1: Research on Health and Medicine - A study from Zhaoquan Wang at the Sloan Kettering Cancer Center reveals that high fructose intake in early life impairs microglial phagocytosis and neurodevelopment, potentially increasing anxiety risk during adolescence [1]. - Research by Yang Wei from the NIH discusses the dynamic assemblies and coordinated reactions involved in non-homologous end joining, providing insights into DNA repair mechanisms [4]. - A paper from Gaoqun Zhang at the Max Planck Institute explores the developmental trajectory and evolutionary origin of thymic mimetic cells, shedding light on immune system development [10]. - A study by Lingjie Sang from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center identifies glycosaminoglycan-driven lipoprotein uptake as a key mechanism for cancer cells to resist ferroptosis, suggesting a new target for cancer therapy [11]. Group 2: Innovations in Technology and Materials - Research by Jianmin Liang at Arizona State University presents a fully open AI foundation model for chest radiography, outperforming existing models in detecting rare chest diseases [2][4]. - A study from Jack Chun-Ting Liu at Stanford University discovers genes enabling the biosynthesis of baccatin III, a precursor for the anticancer drug paclitaxel, addressing the challenge of sourcing sufficient quantities from natural plants [3]. - A paper from Jia Liu at Harvard University introduces a flexible neural implant that grows with the brain, promising advancements in treating neurological disorders [5]. - Research from Zheng Guo at the University of Science and Technology of China demonstrates a new method to enhance the lifespan of perovskite light-emitting diodes, achieving brightness over 1.16 million nits and a lifespan exceeding 180,000 hours [7]. Group 3: Environmental and Earth Sciences - A study by Jianghui Du at ETH Zurich challenges traditional views on marine biogeochemistry, indicating that various trace elements in the ocean originate from the seafloor [6]. - Research by Peng Gao at Peking University investigates phonon transport dynamics across interfaces, providing insights for thermal interface engineering [8]. - A paper from Wei-Yu Qian at Leibniz University presents the preparation of a neutral nitrogen allotrope, which could open new opportunities for energy storage concepts [9].

Group 1: Network Civilization Conference Insights - The 2025 China Network Civilization Conference emphasizes the role of the internet in promoting cultural innovation and prosperity, aiming to create a positive online environment that enhances citizens' sense of gain and happiness [1] - The conference highlights the importance of consolidating mainstream ideological discourse online and reforming governance mechanisms in cyberspace to promote socialist core values [1] Group 2: Legal Framework and Governance - The establishment of a comprehensive legal framework, including laws on cybersecurity, data security, and personal information protection, is crucial for maintaining order in cyberspace [2] - Experts stress the need for a balanced approach in legal design to ensure safety while fostering technological innovation, creating a stable legal environment for industry growth [2] Group 3: Collaborative Efforts in Network Civilization - Building a healthy and prosperous online environment requires collective efforts from various sectors, with experts suggesting that technology workers, especially in quantum information, have a significant role in safeguarding network civilization [3] - The vision for a "quantum internet" is presented as a means to create a safer and more inclusive online space, with ongoing innovation supported by national authorities [3] Group 4: Automotive Industry's Role - The automotive industry is urged to take responsibility in building a new network civilization ecosystem, focusing on data security and compliance as vehicles generate vast amounts of interaction data [4] - Companies like Chery Automobile are encouraged to innovate, self-regulate, and promote positive narratives about China to enhance the country's image globally [4] Group 5: Influence of Online Personalities - Online personalities are recognized for their potential to positively influence network civilization by disseminating legal knowledge and enhancing public safety awareness [5] - They are called upon to act as a bridge of understanding and trust among the public, especially during crises, promoting a rational and harmonious online environment [5] Group 6: Industry Initiatives for AI Development - The China Cybersecurity Association, along with over 60 internet companies, has launched an initiative to ensure the safe and reliable development of artificial intelligence, emphasizing legal compliance and ethical values [6] - The initiative aims to address new governance challenges posed by emerging technologies, advocating for international cooperation in tackling issues like cybercrime and data security [6] Group 7: Youth Engagement in Network Civilization - The scale of young internet users in China has reached 540 million, making them a vital force in promoting network civilization [7] - The "Youth Network Civilization Initiative" aims to engage young people as active participants and innovators in the online space, enhancing their digital literacy and contributing to a positive online environment [7]

鱼羊 发自 凹非寺 量子位 | 公众号 QbitAI 一度轰动物理学界的「 μ子异常 」，凉了。 美国费米实验室公布的最新实验结果显示： 尽管在2021年，研究人员发现μ子的磁性超出理论预测0.1%，令粒子物理标准模型笼上一朵阴云。 μ子的磁矩反映了它在磁场中的行为，可以用一个无量纲参数 g 来描述：g=2+a μ 。 但他们的「最终」测试结果指出， 并未发现新的显著偏差 。 也就是说， 一切仍与标准模型相符，此前被认为可能颠覆粒子物理学的「异常」并不成立 。 所谓 标准模型 ，是解释夸克、电子等微观粒子的物理模型。在希格斯玻色子被发现之后，标准模型预言的所有粒子都已被发现。 理论成功归成功，物理学家们却从未停止对「权威」的挑战——毕竟，在标准模型下，一些普遍存在的开放性问题不能得到很好的解释，比如 暗物质。 在这种背景之下，打从2001年就漂浮起的「μ子异常」疑云，对于物理学界而言无疑充满了诱惑。 但现在，围绕于此的好奇和质疑，可能都要烟消云散了。 μ子g-2异常 我们还是先回到事情的起点：什么是μ子异常？ μ子是一种带电轻子，与电子性质相似，但质量约为电子的207倍。 其中，a μ 是μ子磁矩的反常值。 ...

Core Viewpoint - The University of Michigan has developed the world's most powerful laser device, named ZEUS, with a peak power of 2 petawatts (PW), which is capable of releasing energy equivalent to over 100 times the total power output of all global power plants [1][3][24] Group 1: Laser Technology and Capabilities - ZEUS laser can release energy in extremely short bursts (on the order of femtoseconds), achieving a power density close to 10²² watts per square centimeter [5][6] - The system can create plasma storms and simulate conditions near black holes, pushing the boundaries of human understanding of energy and vacuum [8][12] - The laser's primary goal is to explore strong-field quantum electrodynamics (QED), allowing for the observation of phenomena that were previously nearly impossible to detect [8][10] Group 2: Applications and Future Prospects - ZEUS aims to revolutionize particle acceleration, potentially replacing traditional large-scale accelerators with compact plasma wave acceleration techniques [10] - The ultimate goal includes using the laser for controlled nuclear fusion, providing a key to breakthroughs in energy generation [10][12] - Future plans for ZEUS involve simulating extreme physical environments from the early universe, such as gamma-ray bursts and quark plasma [12][24] Group 3: Technical Specifications and Funding - The ZEUS system is designed using chirped pulse amplification (CPA) technology, which allows for significant power output without damaging the equipment [14][16] - The project has received over $180 million in funding from the U.S. Department of Energy and is considered a national strategic scientific facility [16] - The core laser chamber is compact, comparable to a classroom, but is heavily fortified to maintain operational integrity [16][19]

Core Viewpoint - The development of high-speed trains in China is significantly supported by the innovative research team at Central South University, which focuses on aerodynamics and collision safety technology [1][5]. Group 1: Aerodynamics Research - The first high-speed train aerodynamics research team in China was established by a few young teachers at Changsha Railway College (now Central South University), recognizing the importance of aerodynamics in high-speed train development [1][2]. - The team created China's first high-speed train dynamic model testing system in 1998, which simulates the interaction between air and train bodies, providing crucial support for the development of trains like Harmony and Fuxing [2]. - The aerodynamic resistance of the CR400 Fuxing train has been reduced by over 10% compared to existing models, enabling it to pass through long tunnels at speeds of 350 km/h without deceleration [2]. Group 2: Safety in Extreme Environments - The team aims to ensure train safety in complex and extreme environments, often conducting field tests in harsh conditions to guarantee operational safety [3][4]. - In Xinjiang, where wind disasters are severe, the team has developed a safety assurance system for train operations in high-wind conditions, addressing challenges in one of the world's most wind-prone railway areas [4]. Group 3: Collision Safety Technology - The collision safety research direction includes developing energy-absorbing structures that can stabilize and control deformation during collisions, maximizing energy absorption [5]. - The team has established the first practical test system for rail vehicle collisions in China, significantly improving safety metrics compared to international standards [5]. - The team has addressed three major global challenges: aerodynamic limitations on high-speed train development, collision safety protection, and comprehensive safety measures for high-wind train operations [5].

Group 1 - The event held in Chengdu featured prominent scientists discussing cutting-edge technology topics, including space exploration, high-speed rail, and brain-computer interfaces [1][4][11] - The China Jinping Underground Laboratory, located 2400 meters underground, is the world's deepest and largest underground laboratory for cosmic exploration [4][7] - The development of China's high-speed rail has transformed travel, achieving speeds of up to 350 kilometers per hour, making it a national symbol [8][10] Group 2 - Astronaut Ye Guangfu shared personal experiences from space missions, emphasizing the importance of perseverance and dreams in achieving success [2][6] - Professor Yue Qian discussed the significance of dark matter research in expanding human understanding of the universe [7] - Brain-computer interface technology is gradually changing lives, particularly in the medical field, enhancing surgical precision and success rates [7][8]

Core Viewpoint - Xiaomi has launched its new electric SUV, the YU7, during its 15th anniversary event, showcasing advanced design and technology features aimed at expanding its automotive market presence [2][53]. Design and Aesthetics - The YU7 features a unique design inspired by luxury cars, with a focus on proportions such as a 3:1 wheelbase ratio and a 1.3:1 head-to-body ratio, contributing to its aesthetic appeal [6][8]. - The vehicle is available in multiple colors, including a gem-inspired green and a futuristic titanium color, achieved through advanced painting techniques [4][10]. - The design has drawn comparisons to the Ferrari Purosangue, highlighting its distinctive proportions and luxury appeal [10][12]. Technological Innovations - The YU7 incorporates a "sky screen" projection technology that enhances the driving experience by displaying information directly in the driver's line of sight, with a peak brightness of 1200 nits [32][36]. - The vehicle features over 40 aerodynamic optimizations, resulting in a reduced drag coefficient of 0.245Cd and an extended range of 836 km for the standard version [20][48]. Performance Specifications - The YU7 is offered in three versions: a standard rear-wheel drive, a dual-motor all-wheel drive Pro version, and a Max version, with power outputs ranging from 235 kW (320 hp) to 508 kW (690 hp) [46][49]. - The vehicle is equipped with a large 96.3 kWh battery, enabling it to achieve significant ranges, making it a leader in the mid-to-large electric SUV segment [48]. Market Positioning and Future Plans - The launch of the YU7 is a strategic move for Xiaomi to solidify its brand presence in the competitive SUV market, following the success of its previous model, the SU7, which sold 28,000 units [53][55]. - Xiaomi plans to expand its product lineup with a range of vehicles, including a potential entry into the budget segment with a range-extended SUV expected by 2026 [55][57].