Core Insights - Robo-advisors provide a low-cost alternative to human financial advisors, particularly appealing to investors with smaller portfolios and those who are digitally savvy [2][3][5] - The robo-advisor market is growing due to the increasing number of millennial and Gen Z investors who prefer technology-driven financial management and personalized services [2][3] - Robo-advisors typically charge lower fees compared to traditional advisors, with median fees around 0.25% as of 2024, while human advisors often charge around 1.0% [1][4] Fee Structures - Human advisors predominantly charge AUM fees, with 92% incorporating them in some form, while robo-advisors have a median fee of about 0.25% [1][2] - Robo-advisors may have additional fees related to underlying funds, account maintenance, or trading, which should be considered beyond the flat monthly fee [3][6] Accessibility and Appeal - Robo-advisors are accessible with low minimum investment requirements, with some platforms allowing accounts to be opened with as little as $50 [4][5] - They cater to both beginners seeking a hands-off approach and experienced investors comfortable with online portfolio management [5][6] Performance and Value - A study by Vanguard indicated that investors using human advisors estimated an average annual return of 15%, while those with digital advisors estimated 24%, though younger, more aggressive investors skewed the results [9] - Human advice is perceived to add more incremental portfolio value compared to digital-only advice, with a 5% perceived value-add for human advice versus 3% for digital [9] Legal and Ethical Considerations - Robo-advisors may face legal challenges regarding fiduciary duties, as algorithms could potentially prioritize company interests over client interests [9][10] - Hybrid models that combine robo-advisory services with human guidance are emerging, offering a balance of automation and personal support [10]