Core Thesis - American Express Company (AXP) is viewed as a durable, long-term compounder with a unique self-reinforcing business model that sets it apart from competitors like Visa and Mastercard [2][5] Business Model - American Express operates a closed-loop system, issuing cards, processing payments, negotiating with merchants, and maintaining customer relationships, allowing it to capture more transaction economics [2][3] - The company charges merchants over 3% on average, reinvesting most of this into member benefits such as travel rewards and concierge services, which enhances customer loyalty [3] Financial Performance - American Express has maintained high retention rates and loyalty-driven spending, with over 70% of costs in 2025 linked to member benefits [3] - The company has achieved exceptional returns on equity, averaging 25-35% over the last 15 years, supported by recurring merchant fee income and disciplined underwriting [4] Market Position - Partnerships with acquirers like Stripe and Square have expanded American Express's reach to 99% of U.S. merchant touchpoints, with direct enterprise relationships accounting for 73% of transaction volume [4] - The closed-loop system enhances merchant acceptance, loyalty, and data insights, strengthening the company's competitive moat over time [5] Investment Outlook - With a trailing P/E of approximately 22x, American Express presents an attractive risk/reward profile as a mid-teens compounder, demonstrating resilience across macroeconomic cycles [5] - The company benefits from rising consumer and corporate spending, as well as interest rate fluctuations, while its internal structure mitigates many competitive and regulatory risks [5]