Summary of European Central Bank Update / Briefing September 11, 2025 Key Points on the ECB and Economic Outlook ECB Interest Rates and Inflation Projections - The European Central Bank (ECB) decided to keep the three key interest rates unchanged, with inflation currently around the 2% medium-term target [2][11] - Headline inflation is projected to average 2.1% in 2025, 1.7% in 2026, and 1.9% in 2027, while inflation excluding energy and food is expected to average 2.4% in 2025, 1.9% in 2026, and 1.8% in 2027 [2][7] - The economy is projected to grow by 1.2% in 2025, revised up from 0.9% expected in June, with a slight decrease in growth projection for 2026 to 1% [2][4] Economic Resilience and Consumer Spending - The economy grew by 0.7% in cumulative terms over the first half of the year, driven by strong domestic demand [4] - The unemployment rate was reported at 6.2% in July, which is expected to boost consumer spending as people save less of their income [4][6] - Investment is expected to be supported by substantial government spending on infrastructure and defense [5] Risks and Challenges - Risks to economic growth are now considered more balanced, with recent trade agreements reducing uncertainty [8] - Geopolitical tensions, such as the conflict in Ukraine and the Middle East, remain significant sources of uncertainty [8] - The outlook for inflation is uncertain due to the volatile global trade policy environment, with potential for both lower and higher inflation depending on various factors [9] Financial and Monetary Conditions - Short-term market rates have increased, while longer-term rates have remained stable [10] - The average interest rate on new loans to firms decreased to 3.5% in July, with corporate borrowing costs continuing to decline [10] - Growth in loans to firms was reported at 2.8%, and corporate bond issuance rose to 4.1% [10] ECB's Approach to Monetary Policy - The ECB will follow a data-dependent and meeting-by-meeting approach to determine monetary policy stance, without pre-committing to a specific rate path [3][11] - The Governing Council emphasizes the importance of assessing incoming economic and financial data to inform interest rate decisions [3][11] Additional Insights - The ECB is focused on ensuring that inflation stabilizes at the 2% target in the medium term, with a commitment to adjust instruments as necessary [11] - The introduction of a digital euro and the completion of the Savings and Investment Union are highlighted as critical for future economic stability [6] Conclusion - The ECB remains vigilant in monitoring economic conditions and is prepared to adjust its monetary policy as needed to maintain stability and support growth in the euro area [11]

Trade and Geopolitical Landscape - The Australian government views U S tariffs as self-defeating and economically harmful [2][3] - Australia aims to maintain strong relationships with all key partners, avoiding a zero-sum approach [9][10] - Australia needs to pragmatically separate politics from economics in its trade relationships, which is increasingly difficult due to the weaponization of trade and investment [14] Defense Spending - There is discussion around increasing Australia's defense budget, with a previous goal of 2% of GDP [5] - The broader geopolitical environment necessitates a national conversation in Australia about the need for increased defense spending, considering public preferences for spending on health, education, and social services [6][7] - President Trump has been talking about a desire to see Australia increases defense budget to 35% [4] Australia-China Relations - Prime Minister Albanese's six-day visit to China was viewed positively, signaling resilience in the relationship with Australia's most important trading partner [1][8][9] - Australia must avoid complacency and recognize that the relationship with China is more complex than in previous decades [13] Domestic Policy - The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme is not up for reform and will be defended by both sides of Australian politics [3][4]