Economic Challenges - Significantly higher tariffs from trading partners are reshaping the global trading system [1] - Tighter immigration policy has led to an abrupt slowdown in labor force growth [1] Policy Impacts - Changes in tax, spending, and regulatory policies may have important implications for economic growth and productivity [2] - Changes in trade and immigration policies are affecting both demand and supply [2] Monetary Policy Considerations - Distinguishing cyclical developments from trend or structural developments is difficult [3] - Monetary policy can stabilize cyclical fluctuations but can do little to alter structural changes [3]