️⚡️ RESEARCH: Malicious MEV remains one of Ethereum’s toughest problems to solve.Because transactions are visible before execution, bots and validators can front-run, sandwich, and reorder trades. Research estimates ~2,000 sandwich attacks per day, extracting over $2M every month from users.Mempool encryption is one mitigation path, but early designs relied on batch or epoch-based models. When transactions missed inclusion, data was still revealed, reopening the door to MEV.Flash Freezing Flash Boys (F3B) p ...