Marine Environment & Biodiversity - The marine environment, often perceived as infinitely available, faces challenges regarding its sustainability [1] - The Mediterranean Sea boasts over 17,000 species of animals and plants, highlighting its rich biodiversity [10] - Posidonia oceanica, an endemic plant in the Mediterranean, acts as an ally against climate change by absorbing CO2 [11] - Alien species, such as the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), pose a threat to native ecosystems, but can also be viewed as a consumable resource [7][8] Pollution & Overexploitation - Oceans receive tons of plastic waste annually, which degrades into micro and nanoplastics, entering the food chain [12][13] - Ghost nets continue to trap marine life, including turtles, whales, dolphins, and corals [13][14] - Over one-third of global fish stocks are overexploited, indicating unsustainable fishing practices [14] - Phytoplankton blooms, caused by nutrient runoff, can lead to dead zones where most organisms cannot survive [15] - Ocean acidification is causing coral bleaching, further damaging marine ecosystems [16] Conservation & Sustainable Practices - Marine Protected Areas (AMPs), such as the one in Ustica established in 1986, demonstrate the positive impact of marine conservation efforts [17][18] - Ecological restoration projects, including the reforestation of Posidonia oceanica, are underway to restore damaged marine habitats [18] - Small-scale artisanal fishing is considered more sustainable than intensive fishing practices [19][20] - Consumers can promote sustainable fishing by reading labels to understand the species, origin (wild-caught or farmed), and fishing gear used [20] - Citizen science initiatives, such as beach cleanups and monitoring programs, encourage public participation in ocean conservation [21]