Core Insights - Roth IRAs provide significant advantages such as tax-free withdrawals and no required minimum distributions (RMDs), allowing for long-term investment growth [2][3][24] - The main disadvantage of Roth IRAs is the upfront tax payment on contributions, which can reduce the capital available for long-term growth [4][5][24] - The decision to switch to Roth contributions depends on individual financial circumstances, particularly tax brackets and retirement expectations [17][21][24] Advantages of Roth IRAs - Roth IRAs allow for tax-free withdrawals in retirement, which can be beneficial for retirees [6][24] - They help maintain lower taxable income, potentially keeping Social Security benefits taxes low [2][24] - Contributions to Roth IRAs can grow tax-free over time, maximizing growth potential [2][24] Disadvantages of Roth IRAs - Upfront taxes on contributions can limit the amount available for investment [4][5] - Households in higher tax brackets may find traditional pre-tax accounts like 401(k)s more beneficial [18][21] Contribution and Conversion Strategies - There are two main ways to fund a Roth IRA: contributions and conversions from pre-tax accounts [8][9] - Contributions are subject to annual limits, while conversions have no limits but can significantly impact taxable income for the year [10][12] - Both contributions and conversions are subject to a five-year rule for tax-free withdrawals [12][13] Financial Planning Considerations - Households should evaluate their current and expected future tax rates when deciding between Roth contributions and traditional accounts [17][21] - Consulting with a financial advisor is recommended to tailor strategies to individual financial situations [14][23]

A certificate of deposit (CD) can be a valuable tool for diligent savers. CDs allow you to earn higher interest rates than you would with a traditional savings account, and your returns are guaranteed with a fixed rate throughout your CD’s term. The catch is that you can’t touch your money until your CD matures (that is, without incurring penalties). While CD earnings can be considerable, there are tax implications to keep in mind. The IRS treats CD interest earnings as taxable income, which you must pay ...