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Taysha Gene Therapies(TSHA) - 2024 Q4 - Earnings Call Transcript
2025-02-26 19:54
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - Research and development expenses increased to $66 million for the full year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $56.8 million for the previous year, driven by good manufacturing practices and additional clinical trial activities [29] - General and administrative expenses decreased to $29 million for the full year ended December 31, 2024, from $30 million in 2023, primarily due to a decrease in issuance costs [30] - Net loss for the full year ended December 31, 2024, was $89.3 million or $0.36 per share, compared to a net loss of $111.6 million or $0.96 per share for the previous year [30] - As of December 31, 2024, the company had $139 million in cash and cash equivalents, expected to support planned operating expenses into the fourth quarter of 2026 [31] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - The TSHA-102 program is advancing with a focus on generating critical clinical data across two REVEAL Phase 1/2 trials for Rett syndrome [10][11] - Dosing of ten patients in Part A of the REVEAL trials has been completed, with both high and low doses demonstrating an encouraging safety profile [12][13] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company is focused on the Rett syndrome market, which has a high unmet need due to the progressive nature of the disease and the significant burden on caregivers [24] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The strategy involves utilizing Part A of the trials to generate a dataset that informs the pivotal Part B trial, focusing on objective measures that capture improvements in core features of Rett syndrome [13][20] - The company aims to bring TSHA-102 to patients as expeditiously and safely as possible, with ongoing discussions with the FDA to solidify the regulatory pathway [16][28] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed confidence in the differentiated gene therapy candidate, anticipating a transformative year ahead with key milestones expected in the first half of 2025 [32][33] - The FDA discussions have been constructive, with a focus on functional outcomes that are clinically meaningful to patients and caregivers [46][49] Other Important Information - The company has completed dosing in both the high and low dose cohorts, with ongoing evaluations of functional gains across multiple domains [15][27] - The FDA has been open-minded regarding trial design and endpoints, emphasizing the importance of clinically meaningful outcomes [63][64] Q&A Session Summary Question: Can you speak to the number of people involved in FDA discussions? - Management indicated that discussions typically involve 15 to 20 FDA representatives, including senior officials, and have not been impacted by recent changes in administration [38][39] Question: Any changes in FDA's expectations regarding functional gains? - Management stated that FDA discussions have remained consistent, focusing on clinically meaningful objective improvements across key domains [44][49] Question: What differentiates TSHA-102 from competitors in the gene therapy space? - Management highlighted the use of self-complementary technology in TSHA-102, which allows for quicker protein production and potentially faster clinical effects compared to competitors [56][57] Question: What is the timeline for reaching alignment with the FDA on endpoints? - Management expressed optimism about ongoing discussions and aims to provide a regulatory update coinciding with clinical data updates in the first half of 2025 [84][85] Question: What is the safety profile of the high dose patients? - Management reported no treatment-related serious adverse events or dose-limiting toxicities observed in the ten patients dosed, indicating a favorable safety profile [75][103]
Taysha Gene Therapies, Inc. (TSHA) Reports Q4 Loss, Tops Revenue Estimates
ZACKS· 2025-02-26 15:15
Core Insights - Taysha Gene Therapies, Inc. reported a quarterly loss of $0.07 per share, which was better than the Zacks Consensus Estimate of a loss of $0.08, representing an earnings surprise of 12.50% [1] - The company generated revenues of $2.02 million for the quarter ended December 2024, exceeding the Zacks Consensus Estimate by 6.42%, but down from $3.6 million in the same quarter last year [2] - The stock has underperformed the market, losing about 1.7% since the beginning of the year compared to the S&P 500's gain of 1.3% [3] Earnings Outlook - The current consensus EPS estimate for the upcoming quarter is -$0.08 on revenues of $2.63 million, and for the current fiscal year, it is -$0.37 on revenues of $9.73 million [7] - The estimate revisions trend for Taysha Gene Therapies is mixed, resulting in a Zacks Rank 3 (Hold), indicating expected performance in line with the market [6] Industry Context - The Medical - Generic Drugs industry, to which Taysha Gene Therapies belongs, is currently ranked in the bottom 24% of over 250 Zacks industries, suggesting potential challenges ahead [8] - Empirical research indicates a strong correlation between near-term stock movements and trends in earnings estimate revisions, which could impact Taysha's stock performance [5]
Taysha Gene Therapies(TSHA) - 2024 Q4 - Annual Report
2025-02-26 13:44
Clinical Development - TSHA-102 is in clinical development for Rett syndrome, a rare neurodevelopmental disorder, with no approved disease-modifying therapies currently available[17]. - The REVEAL Phase 1/2 trials have completed dosing of 10 patients, with no treatment-related serious adverse events or dose-limiting toxicities reported as of February 17, 2025[19]. - Positive longer-term clinical data from the REVEAL trials indicate sustained clinical improvements in both adolescent/adult and pediatric cohorts[29]. - Improvements in motor skills, communication, and autonomic function were observed in adult patients as early as four weeks post-treatment, with effects persisting over time[31]. - The maximum tolerated dose established in Part A of the REVEAL trials will be administered during the pivotal Part B phase[26]. - The company aims to report safety and efficacy data from the REVEAL trials in the first half of 2025[19]. - TSHA-102 demonstrated improvements in multiple efficacy measures as early as four weeks post-treatment, with sustained improvements observed at week 52 for patient one and week 25 for patient two[34]. - In the pediatric trial, TSHA-102 was well-tolerated with no treatment-related serious adverse events (SAEs) or dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) reported as of February 17, 2025[35]. - Patient one showed a CGI-S score improvement from 5 (markedly ill) at baseline to 2 (minimally improved) by week 12, while patient two improved from a score of 4 (moderately ill) to 1 (very much improved) by week 8[37]. - Patient one improved hand function, able to hold an object for 3 minutes compared to 12 seconds at baseline, while patient two showed improved gait and stability when walking[37]. Regulatory Designations - TSHA-102 has received multiple designations from regulatory authorities, including orphan drug designation and Fast Track Designation from the FDA[20]. - TSHA-118 has received orphan drug designation and fast track designation from the FDA for the treatment of CLN1 disease[46]. - TSHA-105 has also received orphan drug designation and rare pediatric disease designation from the FDA for SLC13A5 deficiency[50]. - Orphan drug designation is granted for drugs intended to treat rare diseases affecting fewer than 200,000 individuals in the U.S., providing seven years of exclusivity upon FDA approval[120]. - Fast track designation allows for expedited review of products intended to treat serious conditions and may include rolling review of BLA sections[112]. - Breakthrough therapy designation provides intensive FDA interaction and guidance, expediting development for products showing substantial improvement over existing therapies[113]. Financial Overview - As of December 31, 2024, the company had incurred net losses of $89.3 million and $111.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, with an accumulated deficit of $602.3 million[192]. - The company has financed operations with $671.0 million in gross proceeds from equity financings, including pre-IPO private placements and public offerings, but has not generated any revenue from product sales[192]. - The company had cash and cash equivalents of $139.0 million as of December 31, 2024, which is expected to fund operating expenses into the fourth quarter of 2026[200]. - The company expects to incur significant expenses and operating losses over the next several years as it conducts clinical trials and seeks regulatory approval for product candidates[199]. - The company may require additional capital to achieve its business objectives, and its ability to raise capital may be adversely impacted by global economic conditions[202]. - The company currently has no committed external source of funds and may need to raise additional capital through equity offerings or debt financing, which could dilute stockholder ownership[209]. Intellectual Property and Licensing - The company has in-licensed five U.S. patents, 14 foreign patents, and 54 pending foreign patent applications as of February 24, 2024, to protect its proprietary technology[87]. - The company in-licenses patents related to TSHA-102, with expected expiration dates ranging from 2038 to 2041, depending on the specific patent[87][88]. - The company issued 2,179,000 shares of common stock to UT Southwestern as part of the license agreement[69]. - The company paid a one-time upfront license fee of $3.0 million to Abeona for the CLN1 Agreement in fiscal year 2020[73]. - The company is obligated to pay up to $26.0 million in regulatory-related milestones and up to $30.0 million in sales-related milestones per licensed product under the Abeona CLN1 Agreement[73]. Market and Economic Challenges - The company faces significant uncertainty regarding coverage and reimbursement for its pharmaceutical products, which depend on third-party payors' decisions[168]. - The company may encounter challenges in obtaining adequate coverage and reimbursement for products administered under physician supervision due to higher associated prices[170]. - The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 introduces price negotiation for certain high-expenditure drugs under Medicare, impacting the company's pricing strategies[176]. - Legislative changes have resulted in aggregate reductions of Medicare payments to providers, which will remain in effect through 2032 unless further action is taken[175]. - Increased scrutiny over drug pricing and reimbursement methodologies may lead to further regulatory challenges for the company[176]. Clinical Trial Regulations - The FDA requires the submission of an IND application before initiating clinical trials, which must become effective for trials to begin[102]. - Human clinical trials are conducted in three phases: Phase 1 focuses on safety and dosage, Phase 2 evaluates efficacy and side effects, and Phase 3 confirms efficacy and safety in a larger population[105]. - The FDA may suspend clinical trials if patients are exposed to unacceptable health risks or if the trial is unlikely to meet its objectives[104]. - Regulatory agencies require extensive monitoring and auditing of clinical activities and data throughout all phases of clinical development[106]. Company Operations and Risks - The company has a limited operating history and no history of commercializing products, making it difficult for investors to assess future viability[197]. - The company relies on collaboration with UT Southwestern for preclinical research and development, and any failure in this collaboration could materially harm its business[191]. - The company anticipates that negative public opinion and increased regulatory scrutiny of gene therapy may adversely impact the development of its product candidates[193]. - The company faces risks related to the development of its product candidates, including the need for significant investment and successful completion of clinical trials[214]. - The company may need to relinquish rights to technologies or product candidates if it raises additional funds through collaborations or licensing arrangements[210].
Taysha Gene Therapies(TSHA) - 2024 Q4 - Annual Results
2025-02-26 13:06
Clinical Trials - TSHA-102 clinical program has completed dosing of 10 patients in Part A of the REVEAL trials, with 6 in the high dose cohort and 4 in the low dose cohort[5] - The pivotal trial design update for TSHA-102 is anticipated in the first half of 2025[7] - Clinical data from both high and low dose cohorts in the REVEAL trials is expected in the first half of 2025[8][9] Financial Performance - Net loss for the full year 2024 was $89.3 million, or $0.36 per share, compared to a net loss of $111.6 million, or $0.96 per share, in 2023[12] - Research and development expenses for the full year 2024 were $66.0 million, an increase of 16.2% from $56.8 million in 2023[10] - Total operating expenses for 2024 were $99.8 million, up from $87.9 million in 2023, reflecting increased clinical trial activities[20] Cash and Assets - Cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2024, were $139.0 million, expected to support operations into Q4 2026[12] - Total assets decreased to $160.4 million in 2024 from $172.7 million in 2023, primarily due to a reduction in cash and cash equivalents[22] Administrative Expenses - General and administrative expenses decreased to $29.0 million in 2024 from $30.0 million in 2023, a reduction of 3.3%[11] Warrant Liability - The company reported a change in fair value of warrant liability resulting in a gain of $16,000 in 2024, compared to a loss of $34.7 million in 2023[20]
Taysha Gene Therapies Reports Full-Year 2024 Financial Results and Provides Corporate Update
GlobeNewswire News Room· 2025-02-26 13:00
High dose and low dose of TSHA-102 continue to be generally well tolerated with no treatment-related SAEs or DLTs in all pediatric, adolescent and adult patients treated (high dose, n=6; low dose, n=4) across both REVEAL trials as of February 2025 data cutoff Completed dosing of the 10 patients in Part A of both REVEAL trials; maturing dataset continues to support advancement toward pivotal Part B trial Productive ongoing discussions with the FDA to solidify regulatory pathway for TSHA-102; update on pivota ...
Taysha Gene Therapies to Release Full-Year 2024 Financial Results and Host Conference Call and Webcast on February 26
GlobeNewswire News Room· 2025-02-19 13:00
Core Insights - Taysha Gene Therapies, Inc. will report its financial results for the full year ended December 31, 2024, on February 26, 2025, at 8:30 AM Eastern Time [1] - The company focuses on advancing adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapies for severe monogenic diseases of the central nervous system [2] Company Overview - Taysha Gene Therapies is a clinical-stage biotechnology company dedicated to developing gene therapies for severe monogenic diseases, particularly targeting Rett syndrome [2] - The lead clinical program, TSHA-102, is aimed at treating Rett syndrome, which currently lacks approved disease-modifying therapies [2] - The management team possesses proven experience in gene therapy development and commercialization, leveraging a clinically and commercially validated AAV9 capsid [2]
Taysha Gene Therapies Is Showing Promise For Rett Syndrome
Seeking Alpha· 2025-01-28 00:53
Group 1 - Taysha Gene Therapies is a clinical-stage biotech company focused on developing gene therapies, with its leading candidate being TSHA-102 for Rett syndrome [1] - TSHA-102 utilizes "self-complementary" adeno viruses (scAAV) to deliver its treatment [1]
Taysha Gene Therapies, Inc. (TSHA) Reports Q3 Loss, Lags Revenue Estimates
ZACKS· 2024-11-13 23:16
Company Performance - Taysha Gene Therapies, Inc. reported a quarterly loss of $0.09 per share, which was worse than the Zacks Consensus Estimate of a loss of $0.08, representing an earnings surprise of -12.50% [1] - The company posted revenues of $1.79 million for the quarter ended September 2024, missing the Zacks Consensus Estimate by 4.54%, and a significant decline from $4.75 million in the same quarter last year [2] - Over the last four quarters, Taysha Gene Therapies has surpassed consensus EPS estimates three times but has not beaten consensus revenue estimates [2] Stock Performance - Taysha Gene Therapies shares have increased approximately 35% since the beginning of the year, outperforming the S&P 500's gain of 25.5% [3] - The current consensus EPS estimate for the upcoming quarter is -$0.08 on revenues of $1.88 million, and for the current fiscal year, it is -$0.35 on revenues of $8.27 million [7] Industry Outlook - The Medical - Generic Drugs industry, to which Taysha Gene Therapies belongs, is currently ranked in the top 22% of over 250 Zacks industries, indicating a favorable outlook [8] - Empirical research shows a strong correlation between near-term stock movements and trends in earnings estimate revisions, which can impact stock performance [5]
Taysha Gene Therapies(TSHA) - 2024 Q3 - Quarterly Report
2024-11-13 21:38
Clinical Development - TSHA-102 is in clinical development for Rett syndrome, with the first two adult patients dosed in 2023 and cohort 1 (low dose) considered complete[162]. - The Independent Data Monitoring Committee approved early dose escalation to cohort 2 (high dose) in the adolescent and adult trial, with the first patient dosed in Q2 2024[162]. - TSHA-102 was generally well tolerated, with no serious adverse events reported as of the 20-week assessment in cohort 2[162]. - TSHA-102 has received orphan drug designation and Fast Track Designation from the FDA for the treatment of Rett syndrome[165]. - The FDA granted Regenerative Medicine Advanced Therapy designation for TSHA-102, aimed at expediting development and review processes[165]. - The first adult patient in cohort 1 demonstrated sustained improvements in motor function and communication, with the ability to sit unassisted and increased vocalizations by week 52 post-treatment[181]. - The second adult patient showed a 25% reduction in seizure frequency at week 25 post-treatment, with a significant improvement in overall seizure control[184]. - The first adult patient reported a 35-point improvement in the Rett Syndrome Behavior Questionnaire (RSBQ) total score at week 52 compared to baseline[186]. - The first adult patient also exhibited a 17-point improvement in the Revised Motor Behavior Assessment (R-MBA) total score at week 52, indicating enhanced motor and functional skills[187]. - The first pediatric patient in cohort 1 was dosed in December 2023, with ongoing trials expanding into the UK and Canada[174]. - The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) established in Part A of the trials will guide the dose expansion in Part B, focusing on efficacy endpoints and study duration[178]. - The company expects to report safety and efficacy data from cohort 2 of both the adolescent and adult trial and the pediatric trial in the first half of 2025[162][164]. - The first pediatric patient improved her ability to hold an object for up to three minutes at week 12, compared to 12 seconds at baseline[205]. - The first pediatric patient experienced a seven-point increase in RSBQ Total Score at week 12 compared to baseline[208]. - The first pediatric patient showed improvements in multiple clinical domains, including fine and gross motor skills, and communication abilities[205]. - The second pediatric patient exhibited improvements in fine and gross motor skills, including the ability to stand up from a chair and walk up stairs[207]. - The first pediatric patient demonstrated an improvement in age equivalence scores across multiple domains in the MSEL-A assessment at week 12[214]. - The second pediatric patient demonstrated a 13-point improvement in RSBQ Total Score at week eight post-TSHA-102 administration compared to week four[221]. - The second pediatric patient had an increase in days reported seizure-free post-treatment, with a reduction in seizure frequency observed two weeks post-TSHA-102[224]. Financial Performance - The company has raised an aggregate of $671.0 million from various funding sources, including an IPO and follow-on offerings, to support operations[166]. - Net losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, were $70.5 million, compared to $159.3 million for the same period in 2023[168]. - As of September 30, 2024, the accumulated deficit was $583.5 million, with expectations of continued significant operating losses[169]. - Revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2024, was $1.8 million, a decrease of 62.4% from $4.7 million for the same period in 2023[277]. - Revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, was $6.3 million, down from $11.8 million in 2023, a decline of 46.2%[287]. - Research and development expenses increased to $14.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, up from $11.8 million in 2023, representing a 26.5% increase[279]. - Research and development expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, totaled $50.7 million, an increase of 15.5% from $44.1 million in 2023[288]. - General and administrative expenses decreased to $7.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, from $8.6 million in 2023, a reduction of 8.2%[280]. - General and administrative expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, were $22.3 million, a decrease of 4.3% from $23.3 million in 2023[289]. - A non-cash impairment charge of $4.8 million was recorded for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $0.6 million in the same period of 2023[281]. - Net loss for the three months ended September 30, 2024, was $25.5 million, significantly improved from a net loss of $117.1 million in 2023[277]. - A non-cash impairment charge of $4.8 million was recorded for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $0.6 million in the same period of 2023[290]. - Interest income increased to $2.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $1.1 million in 2023, a growth of 90.9%[284]. - Interest income increased to $5.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, up from $1.7 million in the same period of 2023, primarily due to dividends from a money market fund[293]. - Interest expense significantly decreased to $0.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, from $4.3 million in the same period of 2023, a reduction of approximately $4.2 million[294]. - The company experienced a net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash of $13.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, down from $76.4 million in 2023[310]. - For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the net cash used in operating activities was $62.9 million, compared to $56.9 million for the same period in 2023[310][311][312]. - Cash provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, was $77.0 million, a decrease from $140.6 million in the same period of 2023[310][314]. - Investing activities used $0.4 million in cash for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $7.3 million in the same period of 2023[310][313]. - The company has not recognized any revenue from product sales to date and does not expect to generate revenue from product sales in the foreseeable future[269]. Strategic Initiatives - The company has deprioritized certain clinical-stage programs and is seeking external strategic options for further development[170]. - The company entered into a research, collaboration, and license agreement with UT Southwestern, obtaining exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free licenses for certain patent rights and know-how[250]. - The company issued 2,179,000 shares of common stock to UT Southwestern and has no future milestone or royalty obligations under the UT Southwestern Agreement, except for patent maintenance costs[252]. - The company paid a one-time upfront license fee of $3.0 million to Abeona for the CLN1 Agreement and is obligated to pay up to $26.0 million in regulatory-related milestones and up to $30.0 million in sales-related milestones per licensed product[256]. - The company recognized a $3.0 million regulatory milestone payment in December 2021 related to the Abeona CLN1 Agreement following the approval of its CTA filing for TSHA-118[257]. - The company paid a one-time upfront license fee of $3.0 million to Abeona for the Rett Agreement and is obligated to pay up to $26.5 million in regulatory-related milestones and up to $30.0 million in sales-related milestones per licensed product[261]. - The company recognized a $3.5 million milestone payment in August 2023 related to the Rett Agreement after dosing the first patient with TSHA-102 in a clinical trial[262]. - The company recognized revenue from the Astellas Transactions for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, as research and development activities related to the Rett program were performed[268]. Future Outlook - The company anticipates needing substantial additional funding for ongoing operations and research and development, particularly for Rett clinical trials[304]. - The company expects existing cash and cash equivalents to fund operations into the fourth quarter of 2026, but will require additional capital for research, manufacturing, and commercialization activities[306]. - The company may need to rely on additional financing to achieve its business objectives, which may not be available on acceptable terms[309]. - The company is classified as a smaller reporting company, with a market value of shares held by non-affiliates below $700 million[321]. - The company may continue to take advantage of reduced disclosure requirements as an emerging growth company until it no longer qualifies[320].
Taysha Gene Therapies(TSHA) - 2024 Q3 - Quarterly Results
2024-11-13 21:10
Financial Performance - Net loss for Q3 2024 was $25.5 million, or $0.1 per share, significantly reduced from a net loss of $117.1 million, or $0.93 per share, in Q3 2023[8]. - Revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2024, was $1,788,000, compared to $4,746,000 for the same period in 2023, representing a decrease of 62.4%[15]. - Net loss for the three months ended September 30, 2024, was $25,524,000, compared to a net loss of $117,087,000 for the same period in 2023[15]. - Total operating expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, were $77,838,000, up from $68,040,000 in 2023, an increase of 14.5%[15]. - Research and development expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2024, were $14,946,000, compared to $11,791,000 for the same period in 2023, an increase of 26.5%[15]. - General and administrative expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, were $22,324,000, down from $23,328,000 in 2023, a decrease of 4.3%[15]. Cash and Assets - As of September 30, 2024, Taysha had $157.7 million in cash and cash equivalents, expected to support operations into Q4 2026[9]. - Cash and cash equivalents increased to $157,688,000 as of September 30, 2024, from $143,940,000 as of December 31, 2023[16]. - Total assets rose to $180,217,000 as of September 30, 2024, compared to $172,731,000 as of December 31, 2023[16]. - Total liabilities decreased to $91,420,000 as of September 30, 2024, from $97,794,000 as of December 31, 2023, a reduction of 6.4%[16]. - Additional paid-in capital increased to $674,643,000 as of September 30, 2024, from $587,942,000 as of December 31, 2023[16]. - Accumulated deficit increased to $583,520,000 as of September 30, 2024, compared to $513,007,000 as of December 31, 2023[16]. Clinical Development - TSHA-102 high dose was generally well tolerated with no serious adverse events (SAEs) or dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) reported in two adolescent/adult patients and one pediatric patient as of data cutoff[1]. - Clinical data from the low dose cohort of TSHA-102 indicated early clinical improvements and functional gains across multiple domains within four weeks post-treatment, with sustained improvements over time[4]. - The FDA approved the use of the pivotal TSHA-102 product in REVEAL trials based on successful analytical comparability, allowing for the final commercial manufacturing process[3]. - Anticipated safety and efficacy data from both high and low dose cohorts of the REVEAL trials are expected in the first half of 2025[6]. - The Independent Data Monitoring Committee (IDMC) approved continued enrollment in the high dose cohort across both REVEAL trials, with eight patients dosed to date[1]. - The company plans to focus on objective measures for functional gains in the REVEAL trials, excluding the Rett Syndrome Behavior Questionnaire as a primary or secondary endpoint[3]. - Taysha aims to expedite the development plan for TSHA-102 through ongoing discussions with the FDA regarding trial design and endpoints[2]. Research and Development Expenses - Research and development expenses for Q3 2024 were $14.9 million, an increase of $3.1 million from $11.8 million in Q3 2023, driven by GMP batch activities and increased compensation for R&D employees[6].