90多年前，美国总统胡佛的“关税战”是如何把世界经济搞崩的？

Group 1 - Herbert Hoover, a successful businessman before entering politics, became the U.S. President and significantly raised tariffs on foreign goods, leading to economic turmoil and recession in the U.S. [1] - Hoover's early life was marked by the loss of his parents, which redirected his path from a potential agricultural life to one that included education and global experiences [2][3] - His connection with former President Benjamin Harrison during his time at Stanford University influenced his views on protectionist policies, which he later implemented as President [4][10] Group 2 - As Secretary of Commerce, Hoover promoted housing and automotive industries, earning a reputation as one of the best Commerce Secretaries in U.S. history, which became a political asset for his presidential campaign [12] - Hoover's presidency began with optimism but quickly turned into crisis with the stock market crash of October 1929, marking the start of the Great Depression [14][15] - In response to the economic downturn, Hoover implemented various measures, including urging companies not to cut wages or lay off workers, which ultimately led to business failures [16] Group 3 - Hoover signed the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act in 1930, raising tariffs on over 20,000 goods to an average rate of 53%, which prompted retaliatory measures from other countries and worsened international trade [18] - The tariff led to a significant decline in global trade from 1929 to 1933, exacerbating the financial crisis and contributing to the collapse of the U.S. banking system [19][20] - Despite Hoover's efforts to stabilize the economy, including delaying debt repayments, the unemployment rate continued to rise, leading to his eventual defeat in the 1932 election [21]