加拿大石油储量世界第二，为啥大家只盯着中东？

Core Viewpoint - Canada has the second-largest oil reserves globally, primarily consisting of oil sands, but faces significant challenges in extraction and market access, leading to a dependency on the U.S. for oil exports [1][4][12]. Group 1: Oil Reserves and Extraction Challenges - Canada’s oil reserves are approximately 170 billion barrels, with total reserves exceeding 200 billion barrels when including oil sands, which account for 98% of the reserves [4]. - The extraction cost for oil sands is significantly higher, ranging from $20 to $40 per barrel, with total costs reaching $70 to $90 per barrel when including transportation and environmental considerations [8][12]. - In contrast, Middle Eastern oil extraction costs are much lower, often below $10 per barrel, due to favorable geological conditions [8]. Group 2: Market Dynamics and Export Limitations - 99% of Canadian crude oil is exported to the U.S., where it is processed into refined products, limiting Canada’s pricing power and market access [4][5]. - The U.S. has threatened to impose tariffs on Canadian oil, further squeezing profit margins for Canadian producers [4]. - Canada lacks sufficient domestic refining capacity, forcing it to sell crude oil at lower prices to the U.S. [5]. Group 3: Policy and Environmental Constraints - Strict environmental regulations in Canada have halted new oil sands projects, while indigenous protests have delayed pipeline expansions [6][12]. - In contrast, Middle Eastern countries benefit from government support for oil exports, with fewer environmental restrictions [6]. Group 4: Future Outlook and Transition - Canada is exploring technological advancements to improve oil sands extraction efficiency and reduce costs, with current methods still being significantly more expensive than Middle Eastern extraction [13]. - There is a push for energy transition towards cleaner sources, with provinces like Ontario and Quebec moving towards nuclear and renewable energy [13]. - The long-term viability of Canada’s oil sands is questioned, as reliance on high-cost extraction methods may not be sustainable [12].