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【UNFX课堂】各国央行的主要职责货币政策稳定物价
Sou Hu Cai Jing·2025-05-26 08:13

Group 1: Monetary Policy Design and Implementation - Central banks utilize policy interest rates to influence market funding costs through adjustments to benchmark rates [2] - The interest rate corridor mechanism sets deposit facility rates (lower bound) and lending facility rates (upper bound) to guide market interest rates within a range [3] - Quantitative easing involves purchasing government bonds or mortgage-backed securities to inject liquidity, with the Federal Reserve's balance sheet expanding to $9 trillion in 2020 [4] - In response to high inflation, the Federal Reserve initiated a balance sheet reduction plan in June 2022, selling assets at a rate of $95 billion per month [5] Group 2: Price Stability and Inflation Management - Many central banks adopt a symmetric inflation target of 2%, allowing for short-term fluctuations but requiring medium-term anchoring [6] - The Reserve Bank of India has set an inflation tolerance band of 4%±2% to accommodate the high volatility characteristic of emerging markets [7] - The Bank of Japan introduced a 2% inflation target in 2013, permitting "ultra-loose monetary policy to continue until stability is achieved" [8] - Core CPI is monitored to exclude food and energy prices, reducing short-term volatility interference [9] - In 2023, service sector inflation in the Eurozone reached 5.6%, prompting the European Central Bank to continue raising interest rates [9] Group 3: Extended Functions Beyond Price Stability - Central banks act as financial stability maintainers, with the Bank of England requiring banks to increase capital reserves during economic overheating through countercyclical capital buffers [12] - The Federal Reserve conducts annual stress tests on large banks, with 2023 tests indicating that 23 banks could withstand a 10% unemployment rate shock [12] - The Federal Reserve processes an average of $3 trillion in payments daily through real-time gross settlement systems, ensuring zero-delay settlement for large transactions [13] - In 2023, the transaction volume of China's digital yuan pilot expanded to 1.8 trillion yuan across 26 cities [14] Group 4: Challenges in Policy Transmission - The zero lower bound constraint limits traditional tools when policy interest rates approach zero, necessitating reliance on unconventional tools [16] - The energy crisis in 2022 led to imported inflation in the Eurozone reaching 10.6%, surpassing local economic overheating levels [17] - The rise of digital currencies like Bitcoin undermines the efficiency of monetary policy transmission, prompting central banks to accelerate the development of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) [18] - New Zealand's central bank became the first to incorporate climate risk into financial stability assessments, requiring banks to disclose the carbon intensity of their loan portfolios [18] Group 5: Historical Policy Missteps - The Federal Reserve's misjudgment of inflation as a temporary phenomenon in the 1970s led to a CPI peak of 13.5% in 1980 due to delayed interest rate hikes [19] - The Swiss National Bank's sudden cancellation of the euro/franc 1.20 floor in 2015 caused a 41% spike in the exchange rate, resulting in over $1 billion in forex market losses [19] - The Bank of England's rapid interest rate hikes in 2022 triggered a liquidity crisis in pension funds, forcing a temporary resumption of quantitative easing [19] Conclusion - The role of modern central banks has evolved from being mere "inflation fighters" to becoming "omni-stabilizers" of the economic system, facing challenges from the rise of digital currencies, geopolitical instability, and accelerated climate transitions [UNFX]