中美欧关键矿产战略与全球博弈

Group 1 - The security of critical mineral supply chains has become a forefront area of global geopolitical and economic competition, with major economies seeking to reduce strategic dependencies and enhance self-sufficiency in critical supply chains [1][2] - Since 2017, the United States has initiated a process to rebuild critical mineral supply chains, aiming for independence from geopolitical competitors like China, while the EU emphasizes diversification without fully decoupling from China [1][2][34] - The G7 summit in June 2025 highlighted the collaboration among the US and its allies to address China's export controls on critical minerals, particularly rare earths, and initiated a "Critical Minerals Action Plan" [2][30] Group 2 - Critical minerals are defined as non-fuel minerals essential for economic and industrial development, with supply disruptions posing significant risks to economic and national security [3][4] - The list of critical minerals varies by country, with the US identifying 50 minerals in its 2022 final list, while the EU confirmed 34 critical raw materials in its 2024 legislation [4][6] - The global distribution of critical minerals is highly concentrated, with a few countries holding significant reserves and production, leading to increased strategic importance and resource nationalism [7][10] Group 3 - The US has implemented various legislative measures to enhance domestic resource development and strategic reserves, including the Defense Production Act and multiple key mineral-related acts [24][26] - The US has invested over $439 million since 2020 to support the rare earth supply chain, focusing on developing a complete supply chain from mining to processing [27][30] - The US aims to establish a global supply chain network for critical minerals through partnerships and agreements with resource-rich countries, while also increasing tariffs on imports from China [30][31] Group 4 - The EU's strategy emphasizes reducing reliance on single countries and diversifying supply chains, while still maintaining trade relations with China [34][35] - The EU has introduced the Critical Raw Materials Act to enhance local production capabilities and reduce dependency on third countries, aiming for a significant portion of consumption to be met by domestic sources by 2030 [35][36] - The EU is actively limiting Chinese investments in its critical mineral projects through regulatory measures and environmental standards [37] Group 5 - China is responding to the US and EU strategies by consolidating its critical mineral industry, enhancing domestic exploration and investment, and implementing export controls [38][39] - The country has initiated significant investments in mineral exploration and established strategic reserves to secure its supply chains [39][40] - China is also engaging in global resource diplomacy and infrastructure investments to strengthen its position in critical mineral supply chains [41][42]