特朗普和马斯克的最大失败： 高估了技术，低估了人性

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the social processes surrounding technology, particularly focusing on the historical context of the mechanical reaper and pneumatic forming machines, highlighting how technological advancements can lead to economic changes while also exacerbating labor exploitation and wealth inequality [2][3][24]. Group 1: Historical Context and Technological Impact - The invention of the mechanical reaper by Cyrus McCormick significantly improved agricultural productivity and contributed to the industrial revolution in the United States [1]. - After McCormick's death, his successor, Cyrus McCormick Jr., reduced worker wages and replaced skilled labor with pneumatic forming machines, leading to lower quality production but higher profits [1][2]. - The use of pneumatic forming machines allowed for mass production of mechanical reapers, intensifying labor exploitation and capital accumulation [2][3]. Group 2: Economic Theories and Technology - The article critiques technological determinism, which posits that technology autonomously drives social and economic changes, arguing instead that technology is influenced by political, economic, and cultural factors [4][5]. - Public funding plays a crucial role in technological advancement, as seen in the U.S. where government support has historically driven innovation in various sectors [6][7]. - The relationship between technology and economic development is complex, with public finance often not translating technological gains into broader social benefits [8][9]. Group 3: International Trade and Development - Daron Acemoglu's analysis indicates that the same technology can have different impacts on developed and developing countries, with the latter often unable to benefit from imported technologies due to mismatched labor skills [10][11]. - Global value chains allow developing countries to access technology, but the technologies introduced are often not suited for their labor markets, leading to limited economic benefits [12][13]. - The article highlights that the introduction of labor-saving technologies in developing countries can exacerbate existing inequalities and fail to create sufficient employment opportunities [14][15][16]. Group 4: Conclusion and Implications - While technological advancements can lower costs and improve efficiency, they do not guarantee economic development, as the distribution of economic benefits remains a critical issue [22][23]. - The discussion on the social processes of technology emphasizes the need for policies that ensure technological advancements contribute to broader economic and social welfare [25].