光伏厂大迁徙：一场静默的全球能源革命

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the significant shift in the global photovoltaic (PV) industry, highlighting the migration of production from China to Southeast Asia, particularly Vietnam, driven by cost advantages and changing market dynamics. Group 1: Cost Dynamics - The average export price of Chinese PV modules fell to $0.18 per watt in Q1 2025, a 60% drop from the peak in 2020 [1] - Land costs in Jiangsu, China, are approximately 800,000 yuan per acre, while in Quang Ninh, Vietnam, the same area costs only 120,000 yuan, with additional tax incentives [1] - Labor costs in China average 8,500 yuan per month, compared to 2,200 yuan in Vietnam, leading to a reduction in labor cost percentage from 15% to 8% [1] Group 2: Technological Competition - A $1.5 billion PV laboratory in Penang, Malaysia, is set to redefine industry standards [3] - Longi's BC technology has increased conversion efficiency to 24.5%, but patent barriers require competitors to pay $0.02 per watt in patent fees [3] - Chinese PV equipment companies hold 70% of the global market share, yet Southeast Asian factories prefer European equipment to avoid U.S. investigations, despite a 30% price premium [3] Group 3: Policy Landscape - The U.S. Department of Commerce raised tariffs on Chinese PV module imports from 14% to 25% as of April 2025, indicating a significant policy shift [6] - Mexico is emerging as a key production site for the U.S. PV market, with JinkoSolar establishing 10 GW of capacity, reducing transportation costs by 40% compared to China [6] - Chinese investments in the Democratic Republic of Congo's copper and cobalt mines aim to secure stable supplies of materials essential for PV production [6] Group 4: Future Outlook - A zero-carbon city powered entirely by PV energy is being developed in Saudi Arabia, utilizing components from Chinese factories in the UAE, with local technological advancements [8] - Chinese PV brands are shedding the "low-cost manufacturing" image in Brazil, achieving a 20% brand premium through sponsorships and educational initiatives [8] - Chinese PV companies are replicating a "full industry chain ecosystem" overseas, indicating a shift towards a new energy era where technological standards and localization are critical [8][9]