大国科技竞争的本质矛盾是什么？

Group 1 - Richard R. Nelson's contributions to the National Innovation System (NIS) theory have reshaped the understanding of technological competitiveness globally [1][9] - The NIS theory emphasizes the interaction between various entities such as enterprises, universities, government agencies, and financial institutions in forming a network for technological accumulation and capability enhancement [7][8] - Different countries exhibit significant variations in their innovation systems, with the U.S. characterized by market-driven and enterprise-led innovation, while Japan and Germany rely more on collaboration between enterprises and government [8][9] Group 2 - Nelson's NIS theory has faced criticism for being a form of techno-nationalism, attributing different technological performances to specific national institutions and policies [10][12] - The rise of globalization has blurred the boundaries of national innovation systems, leading to a call for a reconstruction of a global multi-level innovation system theory [12][14] - The interplay between techno-nationalism and techno-globalism has become a central topic in global technology governance and policy debates [14][20] Group 3 - Nelson's perspective on technology nationalism is nuanced, recognizing the need for emerging industrialized nations to adopt such policies to enhance their technological capabilities [20][23] - The concept of "strategic public goods" in technology suggests that certain critical technologies may require government intervention for development and protection [26][30] - The current global landscape shows a resurgence of technology nationalism, which could lead to a "technological cold war" if not managed properly [32][34] Group 4 - The NIS theory highlights the importance of a robust national innovation system as a foundation for sustainable innovation in the face of global competition [27][29] - The diversity of innovation systems across countries indicates that there is no one-size-fits-all model for innovation, emphasizing the need for effective coordination of innovation elements [29][30] - Promoting inclusive innovation on a global scale is essential to balance national security concerns with technological openness [31][34]