15世纪，英奥签署贸易协定后，英国的航运业发展有什么变化？

Core Insights - The shipping industry has historically played a crucial role in enhancing the economic and military strength of nations, with early trade connections, such as between England and the Ottoman Empire, being pivotal for its development [1][3]. Historical Development - By the late 14th century, England's shipping industry had developed a fleet of approximately 700 ships and around 14,151 sailors, with an average crew size of about 20 per ship and typical ship tonnage ranging from 200 to 300 tons [3]. - During the reign of Henry V, England's maritime power grew significantly, with 14 large ships (300-1000 tons), 10 medium ships, and 14 small ships, marking a peak in the shipping industry [3]. - The Wars of the Roses caused a setback in shipping development, but the Tudor dynasty later prioritized maritime affairs, leading to increased investment and attention [3]. - Henry VII introduced legislation to encourage private shipbuilding and provided financial incentives, laying the groundwork for the future Royal Navy [3]. - By 1545, England had a diverse fleet, including a 1200-ton ship and several armed merchant vessels, enhancing its maritime economic competitiveness [3]. Decline and Revival - The shipping industry faced stagnation during the reigns of Edward VI and Mary I, but Elizabeth I revitalized it by supporting ship modernization and appointing advisors to reform naval tactics [5]. - Between 1570 and 1587, England constructed 25 new ocean-going vessels, significantly boosting its naval strength [7]. - By 1582, England had around 250 ships over 80 tons, with fewer than 20 ships exceeding 200 tons, indicating a growing but still limited capacity [7]. Economic Impact - The privateering activities during the late 16th century generated substantial revenue, with privateers earning approximately £400,000 from 1588 to 1591, accounting for 10%-15% of England's imports [9]. - The expansion of privateering helped England replace Spain and Venice as dominant maritime powers in the Mediterranean, enhancing its international reputation [9]. Strategic Developments - The late 16th century saw a shift towards smaller, faster ships that became essential for both trade and military operations, with the British Navy relying on these vessels during key conflicts [11]. - By the early 17th century, England's shipping capabilities surpassed those of other nations, with British ships playing a vital role in Mediterranean trade and security [11][13].