印度制造业起点高于中国，如今为何落后太多？

Core Viewpoint - The historical context of India's industrial development compared to China's reveals a significant shift in economic power, with China now leading in industrial capabilities and GDP, despite India's initial advantages post-independence [1][3][6]. Historical Context - In 1949, China's steel production was only 15,800 tons, insufficient for large-scale construction, while India's was 1,347,000 tons, 8.5 times higher [1]. - India's industrial infrastructure was well-established due to British colonial investments, making it one of the world's eight major industrial nations by 1928 [1]. - The lack of a unified central government in India historically hindered its industrial growth, contrasting with China's more centralized governance [3][6]. Political Structure - India's political system is characterized by a federal structure with significant autonomy for states, leading to a weak central authority and persistent feudal land ownership [7][8]. - The division of India into 16 states at independence has now expanded to 28 states and 7 union territories, further complicating governance and economic development [8]. Economic Development - India's industrial sector contributes around 22% to its GDP, while China's industrial contribution is significantly higher at 33% [8]. - Despite receiving technological support from developed nations, India's military manufacturing has struggled, with projects like the LCA fighter jet and Arjun tank failing to meet quality standards [10][16]. Social Structure - The caste system in India has perpetuated social stratification, affecting education and workforce participation, with a significant portion of the population remaining illiterate [10][14]. - The disparity in educational resources leads to a shortage of skilled labor, which is critical for industrial advancement [14][16]. Manufacturing Challenges - Quality control issues plague India's manufacturing sector, with low production quality affecting both military and civilian products [16]. - The inability to produce high-quality goods has resulted in foreign brands dominating the market, limiting India's manufacturing profitability [16].