什么是优绩主义，以及互联网反优绩主义浪潮

Group 1 - The term "meritocracy" has gained significant attention online, with discussions highlighting its implications and criticisms in society [1][10] - The concept of meritocracy, introduced by sociologist Michael Young, suggests that social and economic rewards should be based on talent, effort, and achievement, under the premise of equal opportunity [2][4] - Critics argue that meritocracy can lead to social division, where the elite perceive their success as solely due to their efforts, while the less fortunate are blamed for their failures, fostering a sense of moral superiority among the successful [7][10] Group 2 - The critique of meritocracy includes the notion that the promise of equal opportunity is often misleading, as systemic advantages allow the elite to maintain their status, creating a "hereditary elite" [4][5] - Psychological impacts of meritocracy can lead to anxiety and a sense of inadequacy among individuals, regardless of their success, as the system emphasizes relentless competition [7][15] - The societal value of work is distorted under meritocracy, where income is seen as a measure of contribution, leading to the undervaluation of essential roles such as teachers and cleaners [8][9] Group 3 - The rise of anti-meritocracy sentiments in China is characterized by a backlash from students in prestigious universities, who are often the beneficiaries of the meritocratic system, indicating internal contradictions within the elite [11][16] - The historical context of meritocracy in China is linked to rapid economic growth post-1980, creating a belief in the attainability of success through hard work, which is now being challenged due to economic slowdowns [12][13] - The phenomenon of anti-meritocracy in China reveals a complex dynamic where those who benefit from the system may also oppose it, reflecting deeper societal tensions and contradictions [14][16]