突破稀土封锁？日本突破电机替代，日欧组“稀土同盟”，绕过中国

Core Viewpoint - The increasing global competition in technology and supply chain dynamics has highlighted the strategic importance of rare earth elements, prompting Japan to take significant steps to reduce its reliance on Chinese rare earth resources [1][5]. Group 1: Japan's Initiatives in Rare Earths - Proterial has developed a new type of magnet for electric vehicle motors that does not contain neodymium or heavy rare earths, aiming to replace the dominant neodymium-iron-boron magnets, which are currently produced 90% by China [3]. - Japan's strategy involves both technological alternatives and resource exploration, as evidenced by the agreement between Japan's Prime Minister and the EU Commission President to enhance cooperation in critical mineral resources [5]. - Japan's historical context of dependency on Chinese rare earths, particularly after the 2010 export suspension, has driven the country to support domestic research and overseas investments in rare earth projects [5][7]. Group 2: Challenges and Limitations - Despite Japan's efforts, the results have been minimal, with countries like Vietnam facing infrastructure and cost challenges, and India having unclear mining policies [7]. - The proposed iron oxide magnets are still in experimental stages and do not match the performance of neodymium-iron-boron materials, raising concerns about their viability for electric vehicles [7]. - China's dominance in the rare earth sector is underscored by its control of 49% of global reserves and 70% of production, making it difficult for Japan and Europe to establish a complete supply chain independent of China in the short term [8][10].