警惕！芯片安装“后门”，招数不少

Group 1 - The core issue revolves around the security risks associated with the H20 computing chip from NVIDIA, with concerns about potential backdoors that could be exploited by U.S. government agencies [1][2] - U.S. lawmakers have proposed the "Chip Security Act," which mandates that all high-end AI GPUs and chips must implement location tracking technology within 180 days to prevent them from reaching specific countries, particularly mainland China [2][3] - Experts suggest that while NVIDIA denies the existence of tracking and remote shutdown capabilities in the H20 chip, the chip's design details remain highly confidential, complicating the detection of any potential backdoors [2][3] Group 2 - Hardware backdoors are malicious circuits or codes intentionally embedded in devices, allowing unauthorized access by attackers, and the feasibility of adding such backdoors is high from both hardware and software perspectives [3][4] - Historical examples include the Clipper chip, which was intended to secure communications but was found to have significant flaws, and Intel's Management Engine, which allegedly contained a hidden switch that could disable its functions at the request of U.S. intelligence [4][5] - Software backdoors can be more easily implemented without hardware modifications, with complex GPU drivers providing opportunities for hidden backdoor codes that can track device locations and operational times [5][6] Group 3 - There are concerns that even if U.S. hardware manufacturers do not cooperate, intelligence agencies may independently implant backdoors in products, as evidenced by a case where a U.S. intelligence agency infiltrated a hard drive company to embed problematic code in their firmware [6]