为什么伦敦和日本放弃了卫星城建设？

Group 1 - The concept of "Garden Cities" was proposed by E. Howard in the late 19th century, aiming to create a new urban structure that combines the advantages of both urban and rural areas [1] - Satellite cities serve to alleviate the population, environmental, and traffic pressures of regional central cities, maintaining a close yet independent relationship with the larger urban system [2] - The satellite city model has been adopted by many countries, evolving over 120 years from highly industrialized nations to emerging economies and developing countries [4] Group 2 - Post-World War II London faced significant urban challenges, with a population exceeding 8 million, leading to the implementation of the "Greater London Plan" to create concentric circles of satellite towns [6][7] - The construction of satellite cities in the UK successfully accommodated 2.25 million people and created 1.11 million jobs, attracting numerous international companies [9] - Milton Keynes emerged as a successful example of satellite city development, attracting major corporations and becoming a hub for high-tech industries [11][12] Group 3 - Despite initial successes, early satellite cities in the UK faced issues such as a lack of shopping and entertainment facilities, leading to the phenomenon known as "new town blues" [16] - The concentration of jobs and higher wages in London continued to draw residents from satellite cities, resulting in increased traffic congestion rather than alleviation [17] - The shift of resources to satellite cities led to significant social issues in inner London, including crime and poverty [18][21] Group 4 - The UK government shifted focus back to the city center in the late 20th century, recognizing the need for revitalization and resource allocation to inner-city areas [25][26] - New planning strategies emphasized the importance of central areas, leading to the development of previously overlooked districts into vibrant urban centers [28][30] - London's population is projected to reach 10.5 million by 2041, indicating a return to urban centralization despite past trends of suburbanization [35] Group 5 - Japan also experienced a wave of satellite city development post-World War II, with Tokyo implementing new city planning laws to alleviate urban pressures [36][38] - The three types of new cities in Japan included "sleeping cities," industrial cities, and sub-center cities, each serving different functions [40][41] - Economic downturns in the 1990s led to a decline in many satellite cities, prompting a reevaluation of urban development strategies and a return to central urban areas [46][49] Group 6 - The global trend shows a slowdown in population growth and urban expansion, particularly in developed countries, leading to a focus on revitalizing existing urban centers [57][58] - High costs associated with building new satellite cities and the need for continuous population and business inflow challenge the sustainability of these developments [59] - The shift towards high-end service industries necessitates a focus on densely populated urban centers rather than sparsely populated satellite cities [60][62]