王敏：从参与者到塑造者——中国经济的全球角色转变

Economic Rise of China - Since the reform and opening up in 1978, China's GDP per capita has increased from $156 to $13,400 by 2024, making it the largest exporter and the second-largest importer globally [2] - China's global GDP share rose from 1.6% in 1991 to 16.8% in 2023, reflecting a significant shift in the global economic landscape [2] Manufacturing Sector - China's manufacturing GDP share increased from approximately 8% in 2004 to around 30% by 2021, showcasing the "China effect" on global manufacturing [3] - The share of high-income economies in China's imports and exports has been declining, while the share from middle and low-income economies has been rising [5] Trade Dynamics - In 1978, China's total exports and imports were around $10 billion, but by 2023, exports reached $3.56 trillion and imports $2.71 trillion, accounting for 15% and 11% of global trade, respectively [3] - China achieved a trade surplus of $800 billion in 2024, contributing to tensions with other countries, particularly the U.S. [3] Investment Trends - China's direct foreign investment grew from a few billion dollars in the early 2000s to $170 billion by 2024, surpassing foreign investment in China [11] - The share of manufacturing in China's foreign direct investment rose from 7.8% in 2014 to an average of 15.5% from 2015 to 2023 [13] Global Industrial Transfer - The global industrial transfer follows certain patterns, with economic activities concentrating in central regions, leading to cost increases and subsequent outward migration of industries [14] - China's industrial transfer is now multi-directional, with investments in Southeast Asia, Central and South America, and North America [15] Belt and Road Initiative - The Belt and Road Initiative has significant implications for global economic cooperation, particularly in infrastructure development in low-income countries [18] - Investments in transportation infrastructure have reduced transport times by 8.5% and increased foreign direct investment by 7.6% in participating economies [19] Challenges in Overseas Expansion - Chinese manufacturing enterprises face challenges such as weak industrial foundations and infrastructure in developing countries, necessitating self-built infrastructure [21] - The competition in international markets is intensifying, with Chinese firms often competing against each other [21]