巴帕·辛哈：印度在半导体领域一度领先中韩，直到美国放了一把大火

Group 1 - India's journey towards self-reliance has historical roots dating back to the independence movement, emphasizing economic independence as a precursor to political independence [1][3] - Post-independence, India adopted a strong state-led industrial policy, inspired by Soviet models, to achieve rapid industrialization through five-year plans [1][4] - The shift to neoliberal reforms in the 1990s led to the privatization of state-owned enterprises, diminishing the role of self-reliance in key industries [4][5] Group 2 - The "Make in India" initiative under Modi's government aims to attract foreign investment in manufacturing but lacks genuine technology transfer, focusing instead on inviting foreign companies to set up operations in India [5][11] - Despite significant budget allocations for semiconductor and electronics industries, the lack of a local market and genuine technology transfer has hindered progress [11][12] - India's reliance on foreign technology and equipment has resulted in a weakened domestic manufacturing base, particularly in sectors like telecommunications and semiconductors [10][12] Group 3 - The digital economy in India is heavily dominated by foreign companies, with significant market shares held by U.S. firms in software, e-commerce, and social media [15][18] - The government has made strides in digital payment infrastructure, but the applications accessing this infrastructure are still largely controlled by foreign entities [18][19] - Data sovereignty issues have emerged, with recent legislation failing to protect user privacy and allowing data to be stored outside India, undermining national data security [19][20] Group 4 - The Indian government has recognized the need for technological self-reliance, particularly in artificial intelligence, but current strategies focus more on application development rather than foundational technology [23][24] - The historical context of India's technological advancements, such as in semiconductors and telecommunications, highlights missed opportunities due to policy shifts and lack of sustained investment [8][10] - The call for a renewed focus on local technology development and collaboration with global south partners is emphasized as a way to regain technological independence [28][29]