量子专题：2025量子互联网与算网协同体系架构白皮书

Core Insights - The report titled "Quantum Internet and Computing Network Collaborative Architecture White Paper 2025" systematically outlines the technologies, architectures, and applications related to quantum internet and computing network collaboration [1][4][5] - It emphasizes the foundational concepts of quantum information technology, including quantum communication, quantum computing, and quantum precision measurement, while also discussing the current state and future directions of quantum internet development [1][12] Group 1: Quantum Information Technology Overview - The report introduces core concepts of quantum mechanics such as superposition, entanglement, and quantum measurement, which are essential for understanding quantum information technology [1][11] - It categorizes typical applications into three areas: quantum communication (including Quantum Key Distribution, Quantum Teleportation, and Quantum Secure Direct Communication), quantum computing (with existing platforms like superconductors and ion traps), and quantum precision measurement [1][11][12] - The document also mentions experimental systems and the DiVincenzo criteria necessary for quantum computing [1][12] Group 2: Quantum Internet Architecture - The architecture of the quantum internet is described, highlighting its development in six stages, including trusted relay, preparation, and measurement [1][12] - Various generations of quantum relays are discussed, with the first generation including pre-report entanglement distribution and all-optical relays using cluster states [1][12] - The report outlines multiple protocol stack options, such as the Van Meter and Wehner five-layer models, and discusses packet switching technologies based on classical-quantum hybrid frames [1][12] Group 3: Quantum Internet Operation Modes - Initial resource-efficient operational modes for the quantum internet are proposed, distinguishing between user and main networks, with nodes including users and routers [1][12] - The report illustrates application protocol operations using examples like BBM92-QKD and distributed quantum computing, emphasizing the need for establishing end-to-end entangled channels before executing protocols [1][12] Group 4: Quantum Computing Network Collaboration - The report analyzes three collaborative trends in quantum computing: quantum cloud computing, integration of quantum and supercomputing, and distributed quantum computing [1][12] - It highlights the special requirements of quantum applications regarding fidelity and latency, necessitating collaboration between quantum and computing networks [1][12] - Research directions are proposed, focusing on resource abstraction and modeling, quantum business modeling, and scheduling framework modeling [1][12] Group 5: Current Status and Future Directions - The report concludes that the quantum internet is still in its early stages, facing challenges in hardware technology and architectural maturity [1][12] - It emphasizes the need for breakthroughs in quantum relay and error correction technologies, alongside the integration of classical infrastructure to foster new collaborative business models in quantum computing [1][12]