“退而不休”，零工市场的超龄困境

Core Viewpoint - The article highlights the precarious living conditions of older female migrant workers in rural areas, emphasizing their struggles in the gig economy and the systemic issues that perpetuate their vulnerability [2][22]. Group 1: Vulnerability of Older Female Workers - In rural areas, older female workers from the "60s" and "70s" generations dominate the gig economy, driven by economic pressures rather than choice [4][5]. - The economic burden of children's education, marriage, and housing costs forces these women to continue working despite the risks involved [5][6]. - Agricultural income is insufficient, with annual earnings from a single acre of rice or wheat barely exceeding 1,000 yuan, compelling them to seek additional work [7]. Group 2: Economic Contributions and Living Conditions - Women's economic contributions are often overlooked, as their earnings primarily support daily household expenses, making them essential to family survival [8]. - Many older female workers live frugally, spending very little on personal items, and their income is largely sent back home [9]. - Despite the challenges, having a job provides them with a sense of agency and improved status within their families and communities [9]. Group 3: Labor Rights and Safety Issues - The gig work that older female workers engage in is often informal, lacking labor contracts, social security, and legal protections, which poses significant safety risks [10][11]. - The recruitment process relies on informal networks, increasing transportation risks, as evidenced by tragic accidents involving workers [11]. - In contrast, labor conditions in coastal regions have improved significantly due to historical events that prompted regulatory changes, leaving the central and western regions lagging behind [12][13]. Group 4: Challenges for New Generation Migrant Workers - The new generation of migrant workers faces distinct challenges, including emotional trauma from family separation and limited career advancement opportunities [18][19]. - Many young workers are drawn into low-end service industries, which offer less stability and lower social security coverage compared to traditional manufacturing jobs [18]. - The educational and housing pressures on the children of migrant workers create a cycle of economic strain, as families invest in education while struggling to afford housing [19][20]. Group 5: Call for Systemic Change - The article advocates for the urgent need to standardize labor practices in the central and western regions, improve social security and healthcare systems for migrant workers, and enhance rural education and pension resources [23].