除了中国，美国还能从哪里大量采购精炼稀土？背后博弈没那么简单

Group 1 - The core issue revolves around the U.S. dependence on China for rare earth magnets, with Trump threatening a 200% tariff if China does not supply sufficient quantities [1] - The U.S. has abundant rare earth resources but lacks the capability for large-scale refining and purification, with China controlling approximately 90% of global refining capacity [1][6] - The high technical barriers in rare earth refining make it difficult for other countries to compete, as even a 0.1% purity difference can significantly impact high-end equipment [1][6] Group 2 - Some U.S. companies are actively reporting smuggling of rare earths to protect their profit margins, indicating a complex relationship between legality and profitability in the industry [3] - The historical reliance on gray market activities has led to severe consequences for those involved, highlighting the strategic importance of rare earths as both economic and national resources [4][6] - The U.S. struggles to develop its rare earth refining industry due to environmental concerns and the complexity of modern metallurgy, which could take over a decade to establish [6] Group 3 - The production of gallium, while not a rare earth element, follows a similar narrative, with China producing 500 to 600 tons annually, supported by significant energy resources [7] - Globally, rare earths are not scarce, but the lack of a developed refining industry in other countries is due to technological and industrial system deficiencies [7][9] - The value of rare earths lies not just in their market price but in their strategic significance for sectors like chips, military, and renewable energy [9][11] Group 4 - Historical instances show that rare earths have been used as economic leverage in geopolitical conflicts, with China previously using them against Japan and the U.S. [11][13] - For China, the strategic value of rare earths is paramount, as they can leverage this resource to gain advantages in negotiations and maintain a strong position against U.S. pressures [13]