绿氢重构石化化工行业的机遇与挑战 电价、碳价是决定性因素

Core Viewpoint - The petrochemical industry is a key sector for carbon emission reduction, with a total CO2 emission of approximately 1.46 billion tons in 2022, and is encouraged to develop green hydrogen as a major raw material to significantly lower emissions [1][2]. Group 1: Industry Development - The development of green hydrogen-based chemicals is gaining momentum, with China's electrolytic water hydrogen production capacity reaching about 78,000 tons by the end of 2023, and green ammonia and green methanol capacities at 30,000 tons and 220,000 tons respectively [2]. - The green hydrogen chemical sector is transitioning from "concept verification" to "scale project construction and operation" internationally [2]. Group 2: Economic Factors - The cost of green ammonia and green methanol is currently about 90% higher than traditional methods without considering carbon reduction benefits. Achieving price parity for green ammonia requires a green electricity price of 0.15 yuan/kWh and a carbon price of 180 yuan/ton [3]. - As carbon prices rise and green electricity and hydrogen prices decrease, the competitiveness of green hydrogen routes will continue to improve, with expectations for green hydrogen to approach traditional coal chemical route costs by around 2030 [3]. Group 3: Policy Factors - Policy support is crucial for the economic advantages of green hydrogen to be realized, with international frameworks like the EU ETS creating new demand for green liquid fuels [4]. - Domestic policies promoting sustainable aviation fuel and coal-chemical coupling with green hydrogen are expected to drive demand growth in the green hydrogen chemical market [4]. Group 4: Technological Factors - The maturity of technology and associated cost issues are fundamental for the transition from gray or blue hydrogen to green hydrogen. Current hydrogen production costs are heavily influenced by electricity consumption, which accounts for over 70% of green hydrogen costs [5]. - Significant advancements in ammonia and methanol production processes are needed to enhance yield and purity, as well as to develop flexible synthesis technologies that can adapt to renewable energy fluctuations [6]. Group 5: Market Factors - Despite the large hydrogen demand in the ammonia and methanol sectors, the current high cost of green hydrogen and the incomplete transmission of carbon reduction pressures to enterprises limit the release of green hydrogen demand [7]. - Internationally, the demand for green ammonia and green methanol is growing, particularly in markets like Japan and South Korea, providing export opportunities for China's green hydrogen chemical products [7]. Group 6: Future Recommendations - A strategic plan for green hydrogen chemical development should be established, focusing on demand-driven production and infrastructure support in renewable energy-rich areas [8]. - A comprehensive green product standard system should be developed to facilitate the scaling of green hydrogen chemicals, including certification standards and lifecycle tracking systems [8]. - Policies and market mechanisms should be implemented to lower costs, including integrating the petrochemical industry into the national carbon trading market and providing financial support for demonstration projects [9].