从梧桐树到全球金融巨擘：纽约证券交易所的两百年风雨路

Group 1 - The article discusses the historical significance of the "Buttonwood Agreement" signed in 1792, which laid the foundation for the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and marked the transition from chaotic street trading to a structured financial market [1][4][6] - The agreement was a response to market manipulation and instability, particularly following the financial crisis caused by William Duer's failed attempt to monopolize bank stocks, which led to widespread bankruptcies [4][6] - The NYSE evolved from informal trading among brokers to a formal organization, establishing rules and a membership system that enhanced trading efficiency and credibility [6][8] Group 2 - The establishment of the New York Stock and Exchange Board in 1817 marked a significant step towards institutionalization and regulation of the trading environment, coinciding with the rise of New York as a financial center [9][10] - The NYSE faced challenges such as market manipulation and fraud, exemplified by the actions of Jay Gould and Jim Fisk in the late 1860s, which ultimately led to regulatory reforms [9][10] - The introduction of self-regulatory measures, such as a blacklist for defaulters and IPO review mechanisms, contributed to the NYSE's development and the establishment of a more organized trading environment [10][11] Group 3 - The article highlights the impact of major financial crises, including the Great Depression and the 2008 financial crisis, which prompted significant regulatory reforms and the establishment of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) [13][19] - The evolution of technology in trading, from paper-based systems to electronic trading, has transformed the market landscape, particularly following the "paper crisis" of the 1960s [11][19] - The NYSE's history reflects a continuous cycle of market enthusiasm, panic, and recovery, driven by the pursuit of efficiency and trust among market participants [19]