生产镓跟吃饭一样简单？中国限制镓出口已两年，效果如何？

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the critical role of gallium in high-performance semiconductor materials and the impact of China's export restrictions on gallium since August 2023, leading to significant price increases and supply chain disruptions in the global semiconductor industry [2][7][12]. Group 1: Importance of Gallium - Gallium is essential for various applications, including radar, satellite communication, and military equipment like the F-35 fighter jet [2][3]. - China holds approximately 67% of the global gallium reserves, with over 90% of the market supply coming from China [3][5]. Group 2: Production Challenges - The extraction of gallium is complex and energy-intensive, primarily sourced from aluminum production as a byproduct [5][9]. - The production process involves high temperatures and corrosive chemicals, making it technically challenging and resource-dependent [5][9]. Group 3: Impact of Export Restrictions - Following China's export control announcement in August 2023, gallium prices surged from $350 per kilogram in July to over $700 by the end of 2024 [7][9]. - The export volume of gallium dropped significantly, with only 54.5 tons exported in 2024, primarily to Germany, Japan, and South Korea, while the U.S. share fell to 2.9% [7][9]. Group 4: Global Reactions and Future Outlook - The U.S. semiconductor industry faces severe supply chain disruptions, with potential GDP losses estimated at $3.4 billion due to gallium shortages [9][12]. - European and Japanese initiatives to establish alternative gallium supply chains are underway, but production increases are minimal compared to China's output [11][12]. - The long-term implications of China's export controls highlight the geopolitical tensions surrounding critical minerals, with gallium being a key example of China's dominance in the supply chain [12].