美国终于发现，中国垄断的不是稀土资源，而是稀土精练技术

Core Viewpoint - China holds the world's largest rare earth mineral reserves, accounting for nearly 50% of global supply, but the ability to refine these minerals is what gives China a strategic advantage over the U.S. in military and technological applications [1] Group 1: Historical Context - The industrial use of rare earth elements began in the mid-20th century when metallurgists in the West discovered that adding small amounts of cerium could improve the quality of ductile iron [3] - In 1978, following the reform and opening-up policy initiated by Deng Xiaoping, China recognized the future importance of rare earths and appointed Fang Yi to lead the development of the industry [5] - By 1986, China's rare earth exports surged from less than 100 tons to 11,860 tons, surpassing the U.S. to become the world's leading rare earth producer [8] Group 2: U.S. Industry Decline - The extraction of rare earths is complex and environmentally damaging, leading to high costs and significant waste management challenges, which deterred U.S. companies from continuing in this field [9][11] - During the Cold War, environmental concerns led U.S. companies to abandon rare earth production due to the pollution associated with refining processes, resulting in a loss of technological capability [13] - China has made significant advancements in rare earth refining technology, holding over 25,000 patents related to rare earths from 1950 to 2018, compared to the U.S.'s 10,000 patents, solidifying its leadership in the sector [13][15] Group 3: Current Implications - The U.S. currently lacks both rare earth mines and the technology to refine these materials, making it nearly impossible for the country to reclaim its former dominance in the rare earth industry [15] - China's control over 70% of global rare earth extraction and 90% of refining positions it strategically in various high-tech and military applications, from wind turbines to stealth fighters [1]