三名量子物理学家获诺奖，他们让微波通信成为可能

Core Insights - The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret, and John M. Martinis for their contributions to the realization of macroscopic quantum tunneling effects and energy quantization in circuits, marking a significant milestone in quantum mechanics as it celebrates its centenary [1] Group 1: Quantum Tunneling Effect - The macroscopic quantum tunneling effect refers to the phenomenon where macroscopic objects exhibit quantum behavior by passing through energy barriers, which is significant at the nanoscale and limits the miniaturization of microelectronic devices and the information retention time of storage devices [2][3] - The research demonstrated that quantum mechanical properties can be manifested on a macroscopic scale, allowing systems to escape a zero-voltage state through tunneling effects, which was previously thought impossible [3] Group 2: Applications in Technology - The principles of macroscopic quantum tunneling and energy quantization are applicable in semiconductor devices such as tunnel diodes and superconducting quantum interference devices, which are crucial for the operation of electronic devices like smartphones and computers [4][5] - Tunnel diodes, which utilize these quantum principles, have significant applications in high-speed electronic devices, including RF oscillators and frequency converters, and are essential for microwave communication systems [5][6] Group 3: Future Implications - The advancements in quantum tunneling and energy quantization could lead to breakthroughs in microwave communication, potentially surpassing current fiber optic technologies by providing faster wireless broadband and effective signal transmission for devices like smartphones and satellites [6][7] - The research also highlights the role of quantum tunneling in solar nuclear fusion, which is vital for sustaining life on Earth by providing energy through the fusion process, demonstrating the broad implications of these quantum principles for future technological developments [7]