稀土出口管制升级：技术主权再强化

Group 1 - The core viewpoint of the articles highlights China's recent upgrade in rare earth export controls, emphasizing the reinforcement of technological sovereignty through stricter regulations on the entire rare earth industry chain [1][2] - The Ministry of Commerce issued announcements that include both item and technology controls, requiring approval for all aspects of rare earth technology exports, from mining processes to the manufacturing of magnetic materials [1] - The tightening of rare earth controls is not solely due to bilateral trade frictions but is also a strategic move to safeguard China's technological sovereignty in a competitive global landscape [2] Group 2 - Rare earths have become a focal point of international attention since the 21st century, with multiple rounds of US-China trade negotiations addressing rare earth issues [1] - The technological barriers in the rare earth industry are significant, particularly in processing, which includes steps from ore selection to the separation of rare earth oxides and the refining of individual metals [2] - The purity of rare earth products is crucial for the performance of downstream materials, such as permanent magnets used in electric vehicles and robotics, highlighting the strategic importance of rare earths in emerging technologies [2]