诺奖经济学奖得主揭示近200年经济突飞猛进的奥秘

Core Insights - The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for 2025 was awarded to Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, and Peter Howitt for their contributions to understanding the mechanisms of economic growth driven by technological innovation and creative destruction [1][2]. Group 1: Contributions of Awardees - Joel Mokyr received half of the prize for elucidating the necessary conditions for sustained growth driven by technological progress, emphasizing the interconnection of science and technology, the presence of skilled craftsmen and engineers, and societal acceptance of change [2][3]. - Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt shared the other half for developing a mathematical model of creative destruction, which complements Mokyr's historical analysis by clarifying the forces behind this process and the policies needed to sustain it [3][6]. Group 2: Historical Context and Economic Growth - Economic growth has been limited for most of human history, with significant changes occurring only in the last 200 years, particularly since 1820, when sustained growth began to replace stagnation [3][6]. - The period from 1000 to 1820 saw an average global GDP growth rate of less than 0.05% per year, while from 1820 to 1870, this rate increased to 0.5%, and from 1950 to 1973, it reached 3% to 4% [6][8]. Group 3: The Role of Institutions and Competition - The emergence of sustained economic growth in Europe, particularly in England, was influenced by the protection of property rights and the competitive environment that encouraged innovation [26][27]. - The lack of competition in regions like China hindered economic progress, as political control stifled innovation and the ability for new ideas to flourish [24][25]. Group 4: Implications for Future Growth - The ongoing advancements in artificial intelligence and automation present potential for a new wave of economic growth, but the current limitations in labor supply and institutional frameworks may impede this potential [28].