中美科技对决八载：中国破芯片卡脖子难题，美国稀土短板难补全

Group 1: US Rare Earth Challenges - The US is heavily reliant on China for rare earth materials, with over 90% of deep-processed rare earth materials imported from China, creating significant supply chain vulnerabilities [3][9] - The US has faced difficulties in developing its domestic rare earth industry due to technological and electrical power shortcomings, particularly in the critical separation technology and aging electrical infrastructure [5][7] - The US's attempts to rebuild its rare earth supply chain are hindered by the need for long-term investment in technology and talent, with estimates suggesting it could take at least eight years and several billion dollars to achieve self-sufficiency [18][20] Group 2: China's Chip Industry Success - China has made significant strides in its semiconductor industry, transitioning from being the largest chip importer to achieving self-sufficiency in mid-to-low-end chips and becoming competitive in 5G and automotive chips [11][13] - The success of China's chip industry is attributed to the combination of institutional advantages and market vitality, with a focus on collaborative efforts across the entire supply chain [14] - The ongoing technological competition between China and the US highlights the importance of self-sufficiency and the risks associated with over-reliance on foreign supply chains [20] Group 3: Global Technology Competition - The competition between China and the US in technology sectors like rare earths and semiconductors is reshaping global industrial rules, with China actively pushing for changes in international standards and trade practices [16][20] - China's advancements in new materials and renewable energy are expected to shift the balance of power in global high-tech industries, potentially granting China greater influence over international regulations [20]