关税、中美关系、美联储、人工智能，这场中美学者的对话亮点满满！

Core Viewpoint - The dialogue between Huang Yiping and former U.S. Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin at the 2025 Bund Summit highlighted concerns over U.S. tariffs, employment, inflation, and the challenges of artificial intelligence, reflecting differing perspectives on U.S. economic policies and their global implications [3][4][6]. Group 1: U.S. Tariffs and Economic Policy - Rubin criticized the U.S. tariffs as a misguided policy that undermines economic efficiency and raises prices, with a Goldman Sachs study indicating that approximately 82% of the tariff costs will be borne by Americans [4][5]. - He emphasized that the "America First" policy should align with an open trade system, arguing that globalization has historically benefited the U.S. economy, and current job losses are due to ineffective policy responses to trade liberalization [3][4]. - Rubin described tariffs as a regressive tax that disproportionately affects the poor, making them undesirable from both economic growth and social equity perspectives [5]. Group 2: U.S. Economic Outlook and Monetary Policy - Despite acknowledging the challenges posed by the Trump administration's policies, Rubin expressed long-term optimism about the U.S. economy, highlighting the need for reforms to address the unsustainable debt trajectory [6]. - He suggested eliminating the debt ceiling to prevent crises, while cautioning that this does not resolve the underlying issues of fiscal sustainability [6]. - Rubin noted that Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell has successfully maintained the independence of the Fed amid political pressures, although he refrained from predicting future monetary policy actions [6]. Group 3: Artificial Intelligence and International Cooperation - The discussion on artificial intelligence underscored its potential to impact economic development, national security, and social structures, with Rubin advocating for international cooperation, particularly between the U.S. and China, to address governance challenges [7]. - Huang pointed out the contradictions in U.S. policy, where attempts to limit China's technological advancements coexist with a desire to access the Chinese market, leading to unintended consequences [7]. - Rubin warned that the current U.S. policy direction is heavily influenced by individual decision-makers, increasing uncertainty and unpredictability in both domestic and international contexts [8].