如何用数学思维，理解商业世界的底层逻辑。

Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes the importance of understanding the underlying logic of mathematics as a fundamental tool for comprehending the essence of business and economic phenomena [2][4][30]. Group 1: Mathematical Concepts in Business - Mathematics serves as a universal language to describe the essence of various fields, including economics and business [4][30]. - The article introduces six mathematical concepts that are highly relevant to business: four basic operations, Cartesian coordinates, exponentiation and powers, variance and standard deviation, probability and statistics, and game theory [13][30]. Group 2: Application of Mathematical Concepts - The four basic operations in business can be understood through the lens of competition and cooperation, where addition represents cooperation and multiplication signifies collaborative efforts across different dimensions [33][39]. - The Cartesian coordinate system is used to analyze complex decisions, such as hiring employees based on multiple dimensions like attitude and ability, rather than a one-dimensional perspective [56][62]. - Exponentiation and powers illustrate the differences in market dynamics between industries, such as the contrast between the restaurant industry and the internet sector, highlighting the challenges of achieving significant market share in labor-intensive sectors [71][88]. - Variance and standard deviation are crucial for assessing quality and consistency in business operations, as they provide a quantitative measure of variability within a dataset [90][102]. - Probability and statistics are essential for understanding risks and making informed decisions in business, with concepts like the law of large numbers helping to predict outcomes over time [104][115]. Group 3: Game Theory in Business - Game theory is presented as a mathematical framework for analyzing strategic interactions between multiple decision-makers, emphasizing the importance of understanding the payoff matrix in competitive scenarios [122][124]. - The article discusses how concepts from game theory, such as dominant strategies and Nash equilibrium, can aid in making strategic business decisions [129][131].