Core Viewpoint - The stock markets of China and the United States have seen significant increases by mid-2025, driven by different macroeconomic environments, with China's rise primarily attributed to a decrease in risk premiums rather than corporate profit growth, while the U.S. market benefits from corporate earnings, particularly among tech giants, raising concerns about potential bubbles [2] Group 1: Economic Environment - China's stock market increase reflects improved market expectations despite a continuous decline in the GDP deflator for nine consecutive quarters, indicating weak total demand [2] - The divergence between the stock market and the real economy raises questions about the sustainability of the stock market's rise driven by increased risk appetite [2] - The U.S. stock market's rise is supported by corporate earnings, but the risk premium is at an extremely low level, leading to debates about potential bubbles [2] Group 2: Impact of Artificial Intelligence - The development of artificial intelligence (AI) is influencing the changes in risk premiums in both China and the U.S., with breakthroughs like DeepSeek enhancing confidence in China's overall innovation capabilities [2][6] - Optimistic expectations regarding productivity improvements from AI are a major factor driving the U.S. stock market's rise, attracting global capital inflows and prompting a reassessment of industry valuation logic [2][6] Group 3: Geopolitical Competition - Geopolitical competition is increasingly affecting economic and market dynamics, encompassing traditional trade and the innovation landscape in AI [2] - The U.S. has implemented tariffs aimed at weakening China's position as a global manufacturing hub, reflecting a "decentralization" pressure on China [5][11] Group 4: Financial Cycle and Demand - In the context of a financial cycle downturn, China's deleveraging has led to increased savings, while weak demand persists due to high debt burdens [4][5] - The relationship between debt repayment and GDP remains high, indicating that while debtors reduce cash flow, creditors' cash flow increases, resulting in no net effect on total demand [5] Group 5: Innovation and Scale Economy - China's innovation capabilities are being reassessed, particularly in AI, with significant advancements like DeepSeek demonstrating that algorithmic improvements can enhance performance without solely relying on increased computational power [6][7] - The concept of scale economy suggests that while large institutions have competitive advantages, latecomers can benefit from higher marginal returns on inputs, which is relevant in the context of AI development [7][8] Group 6: External Trade Dynamics - The new U.S. tariff policies have resulted in a 25.7% decrease in China's exports to the U.S. compared to the previous year, indicating a structural change in trade rather than a total decline [10][11] - China's exports are increasingly directed towards emerging markets and "Belt and Road" countries, with a notable rise in capital goods and intermediate products, reflecting a shift in trade dynamics [11][12] Group 7: Consumption and Fiscal Policy - Promoting consumption is crucial for internal macroeconomic balance, with fiscal expansion playing a key role in addressing debt burdens and enhancing social security for low-income groups [13][15] - The integration of AI and digital economy advancements highlights the necessity for improved social security, which can be funded through fiscal expansion, thereby utilizing excess resources in the economy [15]
2026年展望——地缘经济与双循环