迎接挑战，新发展理念引领中国经济破浪前行之一

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses China's economic transformation from high-speed growth to high-quality development, emphasizing the need for innovation-driven growth to address structural and cyclical challenges faced by the economy [14][15][17]. Economic Growth and Development - China's GDP has increased from 367.9 billion in 1978 to 134.9 trillion in 2024, with per capita GDP rising from under 200 USD to over 13,400 USD [14]. - The contribution of fixed asset investment to economic growth has decreased to 28% in 2024, while the contribution from exports has dropped to 12% [17]. Structural Challenges - There are significant disparities in income distribution, with the Gini coefficient remaining around 0.46, indicating persistent inequality [16]. - The urban-rural income gap has narrowed but still shows an absolute difference of 29,000 CNY [16]. Innovation and Technology - R&D intensity in China reached 2.68%, but the proportion of basic research is only 6%, which is below the 15% level of developed countries [17]. - China ranks 10th in the global innovation index, but the self-sufficiency rate for core components is less than 30% [17]. Environmental and Resource Management - The average PM2.5 concentration in key regions has decreased but still exceeds WHO standards, indicating ongoing environmental challenges [16]. - Water resource over-extraction remains a concern, with an annual ecological deficit of 6 billion cubic meters [16]. Financial and Economic Risks - The leverage ratio in the real economy is at 295%, with non-financial corporate debt significantly higher than developed economies [18]. - Local government debt has reached 40.7 trillion CNY, with a debt ratio exceeding 120% [18].