吉塔・维尔贾万：大多数东南亚人根本买不起iPhone，更倾向于中国品牌

Core Insights - Indonesia, as the largest economy in Southeast Asia with a population of approximately 270 million, aims to become a developed country by 2045 through its "Golden Indonesia 2045" vision, leveraging its natural resources and domestic consumption growth [1][30] - The dialogue with Gita Wirjawan highlights the risks of protectionism in global trade and emphasizes the need for multilateral cooperation, particularly in the context of U.S. unilateral tariff policies and China's efficient supply chain capabilities [1][6][11] Group 1: Trade and Economic Cooperation - Indonesia's trade negotiations with the U.S. resulted in a reduction of tariffs from 32% to 19%, with Indonesia eliminating tariffs on over 99% of U.S. agricultural imports, reflecting a strategic long-term vision rather than a mere concession [2][3] - The diversification of trade partnerships is crucial for Indonesia and other Southeast Asian nations, with a strong inclination towards closer cooperation with China due to its cost-effective development options [3][19] - The BRICS expansion, including Indonesia, signifies a shift towards a multipolar world and the importance of diverse economic partnerships [3][19] Group 2: Investment and Capital Allocation - The ability of Indonesia and Southeast Asian countries to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) hinges on their capital acquisition strategies, particularly in technology and economic capital [4][25] - Indonesia's FDI increased from $4.9 billion in 2009 to $21.2 billion in 2012, showcasing the potential for growth in attracting investment despite current global protectionist trends [13][25] - The need for improved legal frameworks and the ability to quantify risks are essential for enhancing investor confidence and attracting more capital [12][25][26] Group 3: Education and Human Capital - Strengthening STEM education is vital for enhancing risk quantification capabilities and improving overall productivity, which in turn can elevate Indonesia's position in the global value chain [12][26] - Indonesia currently produces significantly fewer STEM graduates compared to China and India, highlighting a critical area for development to meet future economic goals [11][12] Group 4: Energy and Infrastructure Development - Indonesia's low per capita electricity generation (1,300 kWh) compared to China's (10,000 kWh) underscores the urgent need for investment in renewable energy to support modernization efforts [27][28] - The estimated investment requirement of $2 to $3 trillion for enhancing energy capacity in Southeast Asia presents a significant opportunity for international collaboration, particularly with China [28] Group 5: Geopolitical Strategy and Global Positioning - Indonesia's strategic positioning between major powers like the U.S. and China reflects a balancing act aimed at maintaining autonomy while fostering economic growth [19][24] - The historical context of the Bandung Conference emphasizes the importance of non-alignment and multilateral cooperation in addressing contemporary global challenges [31][32]