古DNA解码史前居民“身世谜题”

Core Insights - The Shimao site, located in Shaanxi Province, is recognized as the largest known prehistoric city in China, showcasing early state characteristics through its grand defensive structures and diverse sacrificial remains [1] - A 13-year genomic study by a research team from the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shaanxi Archaeological Research Institute revealed the genetic origins and social organization of the Shimao culture, marking a pioneering effort in ancient DNA research in East Asia [1][4] Group 1: Research Findings - The study utilized 169 ancient human bone samples from the Shimao site and surrounding areas, providing high-resolution genomic data to analyze the genetic relationships and social structures of the Shimao population [1][2] - The research confirmed that the main population of the Shimao culture originated from local Yangshao late-period populations, indicating a continuity in cultural and genetic lineage [6][9] - The Shimao culture exhibited significant genetic ties with surrounding archaeological cultures, including the Taosi culture in the Central Plains and agricultural populations from the southern coastal regions, highlighting extensive interactions among prehistoric agricultural communities [7][9] Group 2: Social Structure and Ritual Practices - The Shimao site displayed a complex social hierarchy, evidenced by diverse sacrificial practices, including public rituals and elite burials, which reflect significant class differentiation [8][9] - Gender differences were noted in sacrificial practices, with male individuals predominantly found in public ritual contexts and female individuals in elite burials, suggesting a structured approach to wealth inheritance and marriage practices [8][9] - The research reconstructed a four-generation family tree among the elite, indicating a patrilineal social structure and the selection of certain families for sacrificial practices, providing insights into the governance and social organization of early Chinese states [8][9] Group 3: Archaeological Context - Recent archaeological work at the Shimao site has focused on clarifying the layout of the palace city and excavating the royal tomb area, revealing a well-planned urban structure with distinct functional zones [12][13] - The royal tomb area has yielded over 110 graves with a variety of burial goods, including jade and pottery, which are significant for understanding social stratification and cultural practices in the region [13][15] - The findings from the Shimao site are crucial for studying the differentiation of social groups, organizational structures, and the civilization process in early Chinese history, contributing to the understanding of the origins of Chinese civilization [15]