欧洲战略自主，60年努力一场空？从戴高乐到马克龙的未竟之路

Group 1: Energy Independence Challenges - Europe is struggling to achieve energy independence, particularly after the Russia-Ukraine conflict, which highlighted reliance on external sources for natural gas [4][5] - The high cost of American liquefied natural gas compared to Russian supplies complicates the situation for European countries [5] - Germany's reliance on coal during periods of low renewable energy generation underscores the instability of its energy transition efforts [7] Group 2: Technological Autonomy Issues - ASML, a key player in the semiconductor industry, faces restrictions from the U.S. on selling advanced machinery to China, limiting Europe's technological independence [10] - Volkswagen's attempt to localize innovation in China is hindered by the retention of core technologies at its German headquarters, raising concerns about its electric vehicle business sustainability [10] Group 3: Defense Autonomy Difficulties - The establishment of the European Defense Union (PESCO) has not resulted in effective collaborative military capabilities, as many European countries still rely on U.S. protection [12][14] - Key military technologies are still imported, making true defense autonomy a challenging goal for Europe [14] Group 4: Internal Disunity and External Pressures - Internal conflicts among EU member states complicate decision-making processes, making it difficult to achieve a unified strategy for autonomy [17] - The geopolitical landscape, particularly the influence of the U.S. and the economic ties with China, creates a challenging environment for Europe to assert its independence [19][25] Group 5: Potential Pathways to Autonomy - Opportunities exist for Europe to enhance its energy bargaining power through unified procurement and investment in renewable energy infrastructure [21] - Focusing on critical areas such as semiconductor manufacturing and artificial intelligence could lead to breakthroughs in technological independence [21] - Initial steps in defense cooperation, such as joint military exercises and standardization of equipment, could lay the groundwork for future collaboration [21]