什么是诺如病毒？如何预防？无锡疾控解答

Core Insights - Norovirus is a highly infectious gastrointestinal pathogen that causes acute gastroenteritis in both adults and children, with a peak infection season from October to March [1][2] Group 1: Characteristics of Norovirus - Norovirus has a short incubation period of 12-72 hours, typically 24-48 hours, and is characterized by high infectivity and low infectious dose [2] - The virus can survive for weeks in low temperatures and is resistant to common alcohol disinfectants, making it difficult to control [2] - There are multiple genotypes of norovirus that can mutate, leading to the possibility of reinfection even after previous exposure [2] Group 2: Transmission Routes - The primary transmission route is fecal-oral, where individuals come into contact with contaminated objects, food, or water [3] - Contact transmission occurs through direct interaction with infected individuals or contaminated surfaces [3] - Aerosol transmission is significant in crowded settings, where virus-laden droplets can be inhaled [3] Group 3: Clinical Features - Common symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, and abdominal pain, with children primarily experiencing vomiting and adults more likely to have diarrhea [5] - Most patients recover within 1-3 days, but severe dehydration can occur, particularly in vulnerable populations such as young children and the elderly [5] Group 4: Treatment Principles - Norovirus infections are self-limiting, with no effective antiviral treatment available; most patients recover with rest and hydration [6] - Oral rehydration solutions are recommended for those experiencing significant fluid loss [6] Group 5: Prevention Measures - Emphasis on hand hygiene, particularly after using the restroom and before food preparation [7] - Fruits and vegetables should be thoroughly washed, and shellfish should be cooked properly [8] - Infected individuals should isolate at home for at least 72 hours after symptoms resolve to minimize transmission risk [8] - Regular cleaning and disinfection of frequently touched surfaces and proper handling of waste from infected individuals are crucial [8] - Maintaining a healthy lifestyle can enhance resistance to infections [9]